Upanishads Part 2

The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com The Sacred Books of the East Translated By various Oriental scholars and edited by F. Max Muller Vol. XV The Upanishads Translated by F. Max Muller In two parts Part II Oxford, the Clarendon Press [1884] Scanned, proofed and formatted at sacred-texts.com, 1997 and 2003, by John Bruno Hare. This text is in the public domain because it was published prior to 1923. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. vii] CONTENTS.

<page ix> Katha-upanishad <page xxi> Mundaka-upanishad <page xxvi> Taittiriyaka-upanishad <page xxvii> Brihadaranyaka-upanishad <page xxx> Svetasvatara-upanishad <page xxxi> Prasna-upanishad <page xlii> Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad <page xliii>

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<page 287> The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. ix] INTRODUCTION. THIS second volume completes the translation of the principal Upanishads to which Sankara appeals in his great commentary on the Vedanta-Sutras [*1], viz.: 1. Khandogya-upanishad, 2. Talavakara or Kena-upanishad, 3. Aitareya-upanishad, 4. Kaushitaki-upanishad, 5. Vagasaneyi or Isa-upanishad, 6. Katha-upanishad, 7. Mundaka-upanishad, 8. Taittiriyaka-upanishad, 9. Brihadaranyaka-upanishad, 10. Svetasvatara-upanishad, 11. Prasna-upanishad. These eleven have sometimes [*2] been called the old and genuine Upanishads, though I should be satisfied to call them the eleven classical Upanishads, or the fundamental Upanishads of the Vedanta philosophy. Vidyaranya [*3], in his 'Elucidation of the meaning of all the Upanishads,' Sarvopanishadarthanubhuti-prakasa, confines himself likewise to those treatises, dropping, however, the Isa, and adding the Maitrayana-upanishad, of which I have given a translation in this volume, and the Nrisimhottara-tapaniya-upanishad, the translation of which had to be reserved for the next volume. [p. x] It is more difficult to determine which of the Upanishads were chosen by Sankara or deserving the honour of a special commentary. We possess his commentaries on the eleven Upanishads mentioned before [*1], with the exception of the Kaushitaki [*2]-upanishad. We likewise possess his commentary on the Mandukya-upanishad, but we do not know for certain whether he left commentaries on any of the other Upanishads. Some more or less authoritative statements have been made that he wrote commentaries on some of the minor Upanishads, such as the Atharvasiras, Atharva-sikha, and the Nrisimhatapani [*3]. But as, besides Sankarakarya, the disciple of Govinda, there is Sankarananda, the disciple of Anandatman, another writer of commentaries on the Upanishads, it is possible that the two names may have been confounded by less careful copyists [*4]. With regard to the Nrisimhatapani all uncertainty might seem to be removed, after Professor Ramamaya Tarkaratna has actually published its text with the commentary of Sankarakarya in the Bibliotheca Indica, Calcutta, 1871. But some uncertainty still remains. While at the end of each Khanda of the Nrisimha-purvatapani we read that the Bhashya was the work of the Paramahamsa-parivragakakarya Sri-Sankara, the pupil of Govinda, we have no such information for the Nrisimha-uttaratapani, but are told on the contrary that the words Sri-Govindabhagavat &c. have been added at the end by the editor, because he thought fit to do so. This is, to say the least, very suspicious, and we must wait for further confirmation. There is another commentary on this Upanishad by Narayanabhatta, the son of Bhatta Ratnakara [*5], who is well known as the author of Dipikas on several Upanishads. [p. xi] I subjoin a list of thirty of the smaller Upanishads, published by Professor Ramamaya Tarkaratna in the Bibliotheca Indica, with the commentaries of Narayanabhatta. 1. Sira-upanishad, pp. 1-10; Dipika by Narayana, pp. 42-60. 2. Garbha-upanishad, pp. 11-15; pp. 60-73 3. Nadavindu-upanishad, pp. 15-17; pp. 73-78. 4. Brahmavindu-upanishad, pp. 18-20; pp. 78-82. 5. Amritavindu-upanishad, pp. 21-25; pp. 83-101 6. Dhyanavindu-upanishad, pp. 26-28; pp. 102-114 7. Tegovindu-upanishad, pp. 29-30; pp. 114-118. 8. Yogasikha-upanishad, pp. 31-32; pp. 118-122. 9. Yogatattva-upanishad, pp. 33-34; pp. 122-127. 10. Sannyasa-upanishad, pp. 35-39; pp. 128-184 11. Aruneya-upanishad, pp. 39-41; pp. 184-196. 12. Brahmavidya-upanishad, pp. 197-203; ibidem. 13. Kshurika-upanishad, pp. 203-218; 14. Kulika-upanishad, pp. 219-228; 15. Atharvasikha-upanishad, pp. 229-238; 16. Brahma-upanishad, pp. 239-259; 17. Pranagnihotra-upanishad, pp. 260-271; 18. Nilarudra-upanishad, pp. 272-280; 19. Kanthasruti-upanishad, pp. 281-294; 20. Pinda-upanishad, pp. 295-298; 21. Atma-upanishad, pp. 299-303; 22. Ramapurvatapaniya-upanishad, pp. 304-358; 23. Ramottaratapaniya-upanishad, pp. 359-384; 24. Hanumadukta-Rama-upanishad, pp. 385-393; 25. Sarvopanishat-sarah, pp. 394-404; 26. Hamsa-upanishad, pp. 404-416; 27. Paramahamsa-upanishad, pp. 417-436; 28. Gabala-upanishad, pp. 437-455; 29. Kaivalya-upanishad, pp. 456-464; Kaivalya-upanishad, pp. 465-479; Dipika by Sankarananda, 30. Garuda-upanishad, pp. 480 seq.; Dipika by Narayana, [p. xii] We owe to the same editor in the earlier numbers of the Bibliotheca the following editions: Nrisimhapurvatapari-upanishad, with commentary. Nrisimhottaratapani-upanishad, with commentary. Shatkakra-upanishad, with commentary by Narayana. Lastly, Harakandra Vidyabhushana and Visvanatha Sastri have published in the Bibliotheca Indica an edition of the Gopalatapani-upanishad, with commentary by Visvesvara. These editions of the text and commentaries of the Upanishads are no doubt very useful, yet there are many passages where the text is doubtful, still more where the commentaries leave us without any help. Whatever other scholars may think of the difficulty of translating the Upanishads, I can only repeat what I have said before, that I know of few Sanskrit texts presenting more formidable problems to the translator than these philosophical treatises. It may be said that most of them had been translated before. No doubt they have been, and a careful comparison of my own translation with those of my predecessors will show, I believe, that a small advance, at all events, has now been made towards a truer understanding of these ancient texts. But I know full well how much still remains to be done, both in restoring a correct text, and in discovering the original meaning of the Upanishads; and I have again and again had to translate certain passages tentatively only, or following the commentators, though conscious all the time that the meaning which they extract from the text cannot be the right one. As to the text, I explained in my preface to the first volume that I attempted no more than to restore the text, such as it must have existed at the time when Sankara wrote his commentaries. As Sankara lived during the ninth century AD. [*1], and as we possess no MSS. of so early a date, all reasonable demands of textual criticism would thereby seem to be satisfied. Yet, this is not quite so. We may draw such a line, and for the present keep within it, but scholars who hereafter take up the study of the [p. xiii] [paragraph continues] Upanishads will probably have to go beyond. Where I had an opportunity of comparing other commentaries, besides those of Sankara, it became quite clear that they often followed a different text, and when, as in the case of the Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad, I was enabled to collate copies which came from the South of India, the opinion which I have often expressed of the great value of Southern MSS. received fresh confirmation. The study of Grantha and other Southern MSS. will inaugurate, I believe, a new period in the critical treatment of Sanskrit texts, and the text of the Upanishads will, I hope, benefit quite as much as later texts by the treasures still concealed in the libraries of the Dekhan. The rule which I have followed myself, and which I have asked my fellow translators to follow, has been adhered to in this new volume also, viz. whenever a choice has to be made between what is not quite faithful and what is not quite English, to surrender without hesitation the idiom rather than the accuracy of the translation. I know that all true scholars have approved of this, and if some of our critics have been offended by certain unidiomatic expressions occurring in our translations, all I can say is, that we shall always be most grateful if they would suggest translations which are not only faithful, but also idiomatic. For the purpose we have in view, a rugged but faithful translation seems to us more useful than a smooth but misleading one. However, we have laid ourselves open to another kind of censure also, namely, of having occasionally not been literal enough. It is impossible to argue these questions in general, but every translator knows that in many cases a literal translation may convey an entirely wrong meaning. I shall give at least one instance. My old friend, Mr. Nehemiah Goreh--at least I hope he will still allow me to call him so--in the 'Occasional Papers on Missionary Subjects,' First Series, No. 6, quotes, on p. 39, a passage from the Khandogya-upanishad, translates it into English, and then remarks that I had not translated it accurately. But the fault seems to me to lie [p. xiv] entirely with him, in attempting to translate a passage without considering the whole chapter of which it forms a part. Mr. Nehemiah Goreh states the beginning of the story rightly when he says that a youth by name Svetaketu went, by the advice of his father, to a teacher to study under him. After spending twelve years, as was customary, with the teacher, when he returned home he appeared rather elated. Then the father asked him: Uta tam adesam apraksho [*1] yenasrutam srutam bhavaty amatam matam avignatam vignatam iti? I translated this: 'Have you ever asked for that instruction by which we hear what cannot be heard, by which we perceive what cannot be perceived, by which we know what cannot be known?' Mr. Nehemiah Goreh translates: 'Hast thou asked (of thy teacher) for that instruction by which what is not heard becomes heard, what is not comprehended becomes comprehended, what is not known becomes known?' I shall not quarrel with my friend for translating man by to comprehend rather than by to perceive. I prefer my own translation, because manas is one side of the common sensory (antahkarana), buddhi, the other; the original difference between the two being, so far as I can see, that the manas originally dealt with percepts, the buddhi with concepts [*2]. But the chief difference on which my critic lays stress is that I translated asrutam, amatam, and avignatam not by 'not heard, not comprehended, not known,' but by 'what cannot be heard, what cannot be perceived, what cannot be known.' Now, before finding fault, why did he not ask himself what possible reason I could have had for deviating from the original, and for translating avignata by unknowable or [p. xv] what cannot be known, rather than by unknown, as every one would be inclined to translate these words at first sight? If he had done so, he would have seen in a moment, that without the change which I introduced in the idiom, the translation would not have conveyed the sense of the original, nay, would have conveyed no sense at all. What could Svetaketu have answered, if his father had asked him, whether he had not asked for that instruction by which what is not heard becomes heard, what is not comprehended becomes comprehended, what is not known becomes known? He would have answered, 'Yes, I have asked for it; and from the first day on which I learnt the Siksha, the A B C, I have every day heard something which I had not heard before, I have comprehended something which I had not comprehended before, I have known something which I had not known before.' Then why does he say in reply, 'What is that instruction?' Surely Mr. Nehemiah Goreh knew that the instruction which the father refers to, is the instruction regarding Brahman, and that in all which follows the father tries to lead his son by slow degrees to a knowledge of Brahman [*1]. Now that Brahman is called again and again 'that which cannot be seen, cannot be heard, cannot be perceived, cannot be conceived,' in the ordinary sense of these words; can be learnt, in fact, from the Veda only [*2]. It was in order to bring out this meaning that I translated asrutam not by 'not heard,' but by 'not hearable,' or, in better English, by 'what cannot be heard [*3].' [p. xvi] Any classical scholar knows how often we must translate invictus by invincible, and how Latin tolerates even invictissimus, which we could never render in English by 'the most unconquered,' but 'the unconquerable.' English idiom, therefore, and common sense required that avignata should be translated, not by inconceived, but by inconceivable, if the translation was to be faithful, and was to give to the reader a correct idea of the original. Let us now examine some other translations, to see whether the translators were satisfied with translating literally, or whether they attempted to translate thoughtfully. Anquetil Duperron's translation, being in Latin, cannot help us much. He translates: 'Non auditum, auditum fiat; et non scitum, scitum; et non cognitum, cognitum.' Rajendralal Mitra translates: 'Have you enquired of your tutor about that subject which makes the unheard-of heard, the unconsidered considered, and the unsettled settled?' He evidently knew that Brahman was intended, but his rendering of the three verbs is not exact. Mr. Gough (p. 43) translates: 'Hast thou asked for that instruction by which the unheard becomes heard, the unthought thought, the unknown known?' But now let us consult a scholar who, in a very marked degree, always was a thoughtful translator, who felt a real interest in the subject, and therefore was never satisfied with mere words, however plausible. The late Dr. Ballantyne, in his translation of the Vedanta-Sara [*1], had occasion to translate this passage from the Khandogya-upanishad, and how did he translate it? 'The eulogizing of the subject is the glorifying of what is set forth in this or that section (of the Veda); as, for example, in that same section, the sixth chapter of the Khandogya-upanishad, the glorifying of the Real, besides whom there is nought else, in the following terms: "Thou, O disciple, hast asked for that instruction whereby the unheard-of becomes heard, the inconceivable [p. xvii] becomes conceived, and the unknowable becomes thoroughly known."' Dr. Ballantyne therefore felt exactly what I felt, that in our passage a strictly literal translation would be wrong, would convey no meaning, or a wrong meaning; and Mr. Nehemiah Goreh will see that he ought not to express blame, without trying to find out whether those whom he blames for want of exactness, were not in reality more scrupulously exact in their translation than he has proved himself to be. Mr. Nehemiah Goreh has, no doubt, great advantages in interpreting the Upanishads, and when he writes without any theological bias, his remarks are often very useful. Thus he objects rightly, I think, to my translation of a sentence in the same chapter of the Khandogya-upanishad, where the father, in answer to his son's question, replies: 'Sad eva, Somya, idam agra asid ekam evadvitiyam.' I had tried several translations of these words, and yet I see now that the one I proposed in the end is liable to be misunderstood. I had translated. 'In the beginning, my dear, there was that only which is, one only, without a second.' The more faithful translation would have been: 'The being alone was this in the beginning.' But 'the being' does not mean in English that which is, to on, and therefore, to avoid any misunderstanding, I translated 'that which is.' I might have said, however, 'The existent, the real, the true (satyam) was this in the beginning,' just as in the Aitareya-upanishad we read: 'The Self was all this, one alone, in the beginning [*1].' But in that case I should have sacrificed the gender, and this in our passage is of great importance, being neuter, and not masculine. What, however, is far more important, and where Mr. Nehemiah Goreh seems to me to have quite misapprehended the original Sanskrit, is this, that sat, to on, and atma, the Self, are the subjects in these sentences, and not predicates. Now Mr. Nehemiah Goreh translates: 'This was the existent one itself before, one only without a second;' and he [p. xviii] explains: 'This universe, before it was developed in the present form, was the existent one, Brahma, itself.' This cannot be. If 'idam,' this, i.e. the visible world, were the subject, how could the Upanishad go on and say, tad aikshata bahu syam pragayeyeti tat tego 'srigata, 'that thought, may I be many, may I grow forth. It sent forth fire.' This can be said of the Sat only, that is, the Brahman [*1]. Sat, therefore, is the subject, not idam, for a Vedantist may well say that Brahman is the world, or sent forth the world, but not that the world, which is a mere illusion, was, in the beginning, Brahman. This becomes clearer still in another passage, Maitr. Up. VI, 17, where we read: Brahma ha va idam agra asid eko 'nantah, 'In the beginning Brahman was all this. He was one, and infinite.' Here the transition from the neuter to the masculine gender shows that Brahman only can be the subject, both in the first and in the second sentence. In English it may seem to make little difference whether we say, 'Brahman was this,' or 'this was Brahman.' In Sanskrit too we find, Brahma khalv idam vava sarvam, 'Brahman indeed is all this' (Maitr. Up. IV, 6), and Sarvam khalv idam Brahma, 'all this is Brahman indeed' (Khand. Up. III, 14, 1). But the logical meaning is always that Brahman was all this, i.e. all that we see now, Brahman being the subject, idam the predicate. Brahman becomes idam, not idam Brahman. Thus the Pankadasi, I, 18, says: Ekadasendriyair yuktya sastrenapy avagamyate Yavat kimkid bhaved etad idamsabdoditam gagat, which Mr. A. Venis (Pandit, V, p. 667) translates: 'Whatever may be apprehended through the eleven organs, by argument and revelation, i.e. the world of phenomena, is expressed by the word idam, this.' The Pankadasi then goes on: Idam sarvam pura srishter ekam evadvitayakam Sad evasin namarupe nastam ity Aruner vakah. This Mr. Venis translates: 'Previous to creation, all this [p. xix] was the existent (sat), one only without a second: name and form were not:--this is the declaration of the son of Aruna.' This is no doubt a translation grammatically correct, but from the philosophical standpoint of the Vedanta, what is really meant is that before the srishti (which is not creation, but the sending forth of the world, and the sending forth of it, not as something real, but as a mere illusion), the Real alone, i.e. the Brahman, was, instead of this, i.e. instead of this illusory world. The illusion was not, but the Real, i.e. Brahman, was. What became, or what seemed to change, was Brahman, and therefore the only possible subject, logically, is Brahman, everything else being a predicate, and a phenomenal predicate only. If I were arguing with a European, not with an Indian scholar, I should venture to go even a step further, and try to prove that the idam, in this and similar sentences, does not mean this, i.e. this world, but that originally it was intended as an adverb, meaning now, or here. This use of idam, unsuspected by native scholars, is very frequent in Vedic literature, and instances may be seen in Boehtlingk's Dictionary. In that case the translation would be: 'The real (to on), O friend, was here in the beginning.' This meaning of idam, however, would apply only to the earliest utterances of ancient Brahmavadins, while in later times idam was used and understood in the sense of all that is seen, the visible universe, just as iyam by itself is used in the sense of the earth. However, difficulties of this kind may be overcome, if once we have arrived at a clear conception of the general drift of the Upanishads. The real difficulties are of a very different character. They consist in the extraordinary number of passages which seem to us utterly meaningless and irrational, or, at all events, so far-fetched that we can hardly believe that the same authors who can express the deepest thoughts on religion and philosophy with clearness, nay, with a kind of poetical eloquence, could have uttered in the same breath such utter rubbish. Some of the sacrificial technicalities, and their philosophical interpretations with which the Upanishads abound, may perhaps in time assume a clearer meaning, when we shall have more fully mastered [p. xx] the intricacies of the Vedic ceremonial. But there will always remain in the Upanishads a vast amount of what we can only call meaningless jargon, and for the presence of which in these ancient mines of thought I, for my own part, feel quite unable to account. 'Yes,' a friend of mine wrote to me, after reading some of the Sacred Books of the East, 'you are right, how tremendously ahead of other sacred books is the Bible. The difference strikes one as almost unfairly great.' So it does, no doubt. But some of the most honest believers and admirers of the Bible have expressed a similar disappointment, because they had formed their ideas of what a Sacred Book ought to be, theoretically, not historically. The Rev. J. M. Wilson, in his excellent Lectures on the Theory of Inspiration, p. 32, writes: 'The Bible is so unlike what you would expect; it does not consist of golden sayings and rules of life; give explanations of the philosophical and social problems of the past, the present, and the future; contain teachings immeasurably unlike those of any other book; but it contains history, ritual, legislation, poetry, dialogue, prophecy, memoirs, and letters; it contains much that is foreign to your idea of what a revelation ought to be. But this is not all. There is not only much that is foreign, but much that is opposed, to your preconceptions. The Jews tolerated slavery, polygamy, and other customs and cruelties of imperfect civilisation. There are the vindictive psalms, too, with their bitter hatred against enemies,--psalms which we chant in our churches. How can we do so? There are stories of immorality, of treachery, of crime. How can we read them?' Still the Bible has been and is a truly sacred, because a truly historical book, for there is nothing more sacred in this world than the history of man, in his search after his highest ideals. All ancient books which have once been called sacred by man, will have their lasting place in the history of mankind, and those who possess the courage, the perseverance, and the self-denial of the true miner, and of the true scholar, will find even in the darkest and dustiest shafts what they are seeking for,--real nuggets of thought, and precious jewels of faith and hope. Footnotes ^ix:1 See Deussen, Vedanta, Einleitung, p. 38. Sankara occasionally refers also to the Paingi, Agnirahasya, Gabala, and Narayaniya Upanishads. ^ix:2 Deussen, loc. cit. p. 82. ^ix:3 I state this on the authority of Professor Cowell. See also Fitzedward Hall, Index to the Bibliography of the Indian Philosophical Systems, pp. 116 and 236. ^x:1 They have been published by Dr. Roer in the Bibliotheca Indica. ^x:2 Dr. Weber's statement that Sankara wrote a commentary on the Kaushitaki-upanishad has been corrected by Deussen, loc. cit. p. 39. ^x:3 See Deussen, loc. cit. p. 39. ^x:4 A long list of works ascribed to Sankara may be seen in Regnaud, Philosophie de l'Inde, p. 34, chiefly taken from Fitzedward Hall's Index of Indian Philosophical Systems. ^x:5 See Tarkaratna's Vignapana, p. 3, l. 5. ^xii:1 India, What can it teach us? p. 360. ^xiv:1 Mr. Nehemiah Goreh writes aprakshyo, and this is no doubt the reading adopted by Roer in his edition of the Khandogya-upanishad in the Bibliotheca Indica, p. 384. In Sankara's commentary also the same form is given. Still grammar requires apraksho. ^xiv:2 The Pankadasi (I, 20) distinguishes between manas and buddhi, by saying, mano vimarsarupam syad buddhih syan niskayatmika, which places the difference between the two rather in the degree of certainty, ascribing deliberation to manas, decision to buddhi. ^xv:1 In the Vedanta-Sara, Sadananda lays great stress on the fact that in this very chapter of the Khandogya-upanishad, the principal subject of the whole chapter is mentioned both in the beginning and in the end. Tatra prakaranapratipadyasyarthasya tadadyantayor upadanam upakramasamharam. Yatha Khandogyashashthaprapathake prakaranapratipadyansyadvitiyavastuna ekam evadvitiyam (VI, 2, 1) ityadav aitadatmyam idam sarvam (VI, 16, 3) ity ante ka pratipadanam. 'The beginning with and ending with' imply that the matter to be declared in any given section is declared both at the beginning and at the end thereof:--as, for instance, in the sixth section of the Khandogya-upanishad, 'the Real, besides which there is nought else'--which is to be explained in that section--is declared at the outset in the terms, 'One only, without a second,' and at the end in the terms 'All this consists of That.' ^xv:2 Vedanta-Sara, No. 118, tatraivadvitiyavastuno manantaravishayikaranam. ^xv:3 See Mund. Up. I, 1, 6, adresyam agrahyam. ^xvi:1 Lecture on the Vedanta, embracing the text of the Vedanta-Sara, Allababad, 1851, p. 69. Vedantasara, with Nrisimha-Sarasvati's Subodhini and Ramatirtha's Vidvanmanorangini, Calcutta, 1860, p. 89. Here we find the right reading, aprakshah. ^xvii:1 Atma va idam eka evagra asit. ^xviii:1 Sankara says (p. 398, l. 5): ekam evadvitiyam paramarthata idam buddhikale 'pi tat sad aikshata. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. xxi] I. THE KATHA-UPANISHAD. THE Katha-upanishad is probably more widely known than any other Upanishad. It formed part of the Persian translation, was rendered into English by Rammohun Roy, and has since been frequently quoted by English, French, and German writers as one of the most perfect specimens of the mystic philosophy and poetry of the ancient Hindus. It was in the year 1845 that I first copied at Berlin the text of this Upanishad, the commentary of Sankara (MS. 127 Chambers [*1]), and the gloss of Gopalayogin (MS. 224 Chambers). The text and commentary of Sankara and the gloss of Anandagiri have since been edited by Dr. Roer in the Bibliotheca Indica, with translation and notes. There are other translations, more or less perfect, by Rammohun Roy, Windischmann, Poley, Weber, Muir, Regnaud, Gough, and others. But there still remained many difficult and obscure portions, and I hope that in some at least of the passages where I differ from my predecessors, not excepting Sankara, I may have succeeded in rendering the original meaning of the author more intelligible than it has hitherto been. The text of the Katha-upanishad is in some MSS. ascribed to the Yagur-veda. In the Chambers MS. of the commentary also it is said to belong to that Veda [*2], and in the Muktikopanishad it stands first among the Upanishads of the Black Yagur-veda. According to Colebrooke (Miscellaneous Essays, 1, 96, note) it is referred to the Sama-veda also. Generally, however, it is counted as one of the Atharvana Upanishads. The reason why it is ascribed to the Yagur-veda, is probably because the legend of Nakiketas occurs in the Brahmana of the Taittiriya Yagur-veda. Here we read (III, 1, 8): Vagasravasa, wishing for rewards, sacrificed all his [p. xxii] wealth. He had a son, called Nakiketas. While he was still a boy, faith entered into him at the time when the cows that were to be given (by his father) as presents to the priests, were brought in. He said: 'Father, to whom wilt thou give me?' He said so a second and third time. The father turned round and said to him: 'To Death, I give thee.' Then a voice said to the young Gautama, as he stood up: 'He (thy father) said, Go away to the house of Death, I give thee to Death.' Go therefore to Death when he is not at home, and dwell in his house for three nights without eating. If he should ask thee, 'Boy, how many nights hast thou been here?' say, 'Three.' When he asks thee, 'What didst thou eat the first night?' say, 'Thy offspring.' 'What didst thou eat the second night?' say, 'Thy cattle.' 'What didst thou eat the third night?' say, 'Thy good works.' He went to Death, while he was away from home, and lie dwelt in his house for three nights without eating. When Death returned, he asked: 'Boy, how many nights hast thou been here?' He answered: 'Three.' 'What didst thou eat the first night?' 'Thy offspring.', 'What didst thou eat the second night?' 'Thy cattle.' 'What didst thou eat the third night?' 'Thy good works.' Then he said: 'My respect to thee, O venerable sir! Choose a boon.' 'May I return living to my father,' he said. 'Choose a second boon.' 'Tell me how my good works may never perish.' Then he explained to him this Nakiketa fire (sacrifice), and hence his good works do not perish. 'Choose a third boon.' 'Tell me the conquest of death again.' Then he explained to him this (chief) Nakiketa fire (sacrifice), and hence he conquered death again [*1]. This story, which in the Brahmana is told in order to explain the name of a certain sacrificial ceremony called [p. xxiii] [paragraph continues] Nakiketa, was used as a peg on which to hang the doctrines of the Upanishad. In its original form it may have constituted one Adhyaya only, and the very fact of its division into two Adhyayas may show that the compilers of the Upanishad were still aware of its gradual origin. We have no means, however, of determining its original form, nor should we even be justified in maintaining that the first Adhyaya ever existed by itself, and that the second was added at a much later time. Whatever its component elements may have been before it was an Upanishad, when it was an Upanishad it consisted of six Vallis, neither more nor less. The name of valli, lit. creeper, as a subdivision of a Vedic work, is important. It occurs again in the Taittiriya Upanishads. Professor Weber thinks that valli, creeper, in the sense of chapter, is based on a modern metaphor, and was primarily intended for a creeper, attached to the sakhas or branches of the Veda [*1]. More likely, however, it was used in the same sense as parvan, a joint, a shoot, a branch, i.e. a division. Various attempts have been made to distinguish the more modern from the more ancient portions of our Upanishad [*2]. No doubt there are peculiarities of metre, grammar, language, and thought which indicate the more primitive or the more modern character of certain verses. There are repetitions which offend us, and there are several passages which are clearly taken over from other Upanishads, where they seem to have had their original place. Thirty-five years ago, when I first worked at this Upanishad, I saw no difficulty in re-establishing what I thought the original text of the Upanishad must have been. I now feel that we know so little of the time and the circumstances when these half-prose and half-metrical Upanishads were first put together, that I should hesitate [p. xxiv] before expunging even the most modern-sounding lines from the original context of these Vedantic essays [*1]. The mention of Dhatri, creator, for instance (Kath. Up. II, 20), is certainly startling, and seems to have given rise to a very early conjectural emendation. But dhatri and vidhatri occur in the hymns of the Rig-veda (X, 82, 2), and in the Upanishads (Maitr. Up. VI, 8); and Dhatri, as almost a personal deity, is invoked with Pragapati in Rig-veda X, 184, I. Deva, in the sense of God (Kath. Up. II, 12), is equally strange, but occurs in other Upanishads also (Maitr. Up. VI, 23; Svetasv. Up. I, 3). Much might be said about setu, bridge (Kath. Up. III, 2; Mund. Up. II, 2, 5), adarsa, mirror (Kath. Up. VI, 5), as being characteristic of a later age. But setu is not a bridge, in our sense of the word, but rather a wall, a bank, a barrier, and occurs frequently in other Upanishads (Maitr. Up. VII. 7; Khand. Up. VIII, 4; Brih. Up. IV, 4, 22, &c.), while adarsas, or mirrors, are mentioned in the Brihadaranyaka and the Srauta-sutras. Till we know something more about the date of the first and the last composition or compilation of the Upanishads, how are we to tell what subjects and what ideas the first author or the last collector was familiar with? To attempt the impossible may seem courageous, but it is hardly scholarlike. With regard to faulty or irregular readings, we can never know whether they are due to the original composers, the compilers, the repeaters, or lastly the writers of the Upanishads. It is easy to say that adresya (Mund. Up. I, 1, 6) ought to be adrisya; but who would venture to correct that form? Whenever that verse is quoted, it is quoted with adresya, not adrisya. The commentators themselves tell us sometimes that certain forms are either Vedic or due to carelessness (pramadapatha); but that very fact shows that such a form, for instance, as samiyata (Khand. Up. I, 12, 3) rests on an old authority. No doubt, if we have the original text of an author, and can prove that his text was corrupted by later compilers [p. xxv] or copyists or printers, we have a right to remove those later alterations, whether they be improvements or corruptions. But where, as in our case, we can never hope to gain access to original documents, and where we can only hope, by pointing out what is clearly more modem than the rest or, it may be, faulty, to gain an approximate conception of what the original composer may have had in his mind, before handing his composition over to the safe keeping of oral tradition, it is almost a duty to discourage, as much as lies in our power, the work of reconstructing an old text by so-called conjectural emendations or critical omissions.

Footnotes ^xxi:1 MS. 133 is a mere copy of MS. 127. ^xxi:2 Yagurvede Kathavallibhashyam. ^xxii:1 The commentator explains punar-mrityu as the death that follows after the present inevitable death. ^xxiii:1 History of Indian Literature, p. 93, note; p. 157. ^xxiii:2 Though it would be unfair to hold Professor Weber responsible for his remarks on this and other questions connected with the Upanishads published many years ago (Indische Studien, 1853, p. 197), and though I have hardly ever thought it necessary to criticise them, some of his remarks are not without their value even now. ^xxiv:1 See Regnaud, Le Pessimisme Brahmanique, Annales du Musee Guimet, 1880; tom. i, p. 101. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. xxvi] II. THE MUNDAKA-UPANISHAD. THIS is an Upanishad of the Atharva-veda. It is a Mantra-upanishad, i.e. it has the form of a Mantra. But, as the commentators observe, though it is written in verse, it is not, like other Mantras, to be used for sacrificial purposes. Its only object is to teach the highest knowledge, the knowledge of Brahman, which cannot be obtained either by sacrifices or by worship (upasana), but by such teaching only as is imparted in the Upanishad. A man may a hundred times restrain his breath, &c., but without the Upanishad his ignorance does not cease. Nor is it right to continue for ever in the performance of sacrificial and other good works, if one wishes to obtain the highest knowledge of Brahman. The Sannyasin alone, who has given up everything, is qualified to know and to become Brahman. And though it might seem from Vedic legends that Grihasthas also who continued to live with their families, performing all the duties required of them by law, had been in possession of the highest knowledge, this, we are told, is a mistake. Works and knowledge can be as little together as darkness and light. This Upanishad too has been often translated since it first appeared in the Persian translation of Dara Shukoh. My own copy of the text and Sankara's commentary from the MS. in the Chambers Collection was made in October 1844. Both are now best accessible in the Bibliotheca Indica, where Dr. Roer has published the text, the by Sankara, a gloss by Anandagnana, and an English translation with notes. The title of the Upanishad, Mundaka, has not yet been explained. The Upanishad is called Mundaka-upanishad, and its three chapters are each called Mundakam. Native commentators explain it as the shaving Upanishad, that is, as the Upanishad which cuts off the errors of the mind, like a razor. Another Upanishad also is called Kshurika, the razor, a name which is explained in the text itself as [p. xxvii] meaning an instrument for removing illusion and error. The title is all the more strange because Mundaka, in its commonest acceptation, is used as a term of reproach for Buddhist mendicants, who are called 'Shavelings,' in opposition to the Brahmans, who dress their hair carefully, and often display by its peculiar arrangement either their family or their rank. Many doctrines of the Upanishads are, no doubt, pure Buddhism, or rather Buddhism is on many points the consistent carrying out of the principles laid down in the Upanishads. Yet, for that very reason, it seems impossible that this should be the origin of the name, unless we suppose that it was the work of a man who was, in one sense, a Mundaka, and yet faithful to the Brahmanic law. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com III. THE TAITTIRIYAKA-UPANISHAD. THE Taittiriyaka-upanishad seems to have had its original place in the Taittiriya-Aranyaka. This Aranyaka consists, as Rajendralal Mitra has shown in the Introduction to his edition of the work in the Bibliotheca Indica, of three portions. Out of its ten Prapathakas, the first six form the Aranyaka proper, or the Karma-kanda, as Sayana writes. Then follow Prapathakas VII, VIII, and IX, forming the Taittiriyaka-upanishad; and lastly, the tenth Prapathaka, the Yagniki or Mahanarayana-upanishad, which is called a Khila, and was therefore considered by the Brahmans themselves as a later and supplementary work. Sankara, in his commentary on the Taittiriyaka-upanishad, divides his work into three Adhyayas, and calls the first Siksha-valli, the second the Brahmananda-valli, while he gives no special name to the Upanishad explained in the third Adhyaya. This, however, may be due to a mere accident, for whenever the division of the Taittiriyaka-upanishad into Vallis is mentioned, we always have three [*1], the [p. xxviii] [paragraph continues] Siksha-valli, the Brahmananda-valli, and the Bhrigu-valli [*1]. Properly, however, it is only the second Anuvaka of the seventh Prapathaka which deserves and receives in the text itself the name of Sikshadhyaya, while the rest of the first Valli ought to go by the name of Samhita-upanishad [*2], or Samhiti-upanishad. Sayana [*3], in his commentary on the Taittiriya-aranyaka, explains the seventh chapter, the Sikshadhyaya (twelve anuvakas), as Samhiti-upanishad. His commentary, however, is called Siksha-bhashya. The same Sayana treats the eighth and ninth Prapathakas as the Varuny-upanishad [*4]. The Ananda-valli and Bhrigu-valli are quoted among the Upanishads of the Atharvana [*5]. At the end of each Valli there is an index of the Anuvakas which it contains. That at the end of the first Valli is intelligible. It gives the Pratikas, i.e. the initial words, of each Anuvaka, and states their number as twelve. At the end of the first Anuvaka, we have the final words 'satyam vadishyami,' and panka ka, i.e. five short paragraphs at the end. At the end of the second Anuvaka, where we expect the final words, we have the initial, i.e. siksham, and then panka, i.e. five sections in the Anuvaka. At the end of the third Anuvaka, we have the final words, but no number of sections. At the end of the fourth Anuvaka, we have the final words of the three sections, followed by one paragraph; at the end of the fifth Anuvaka, three final words, and two paragraphs, though the first paragraph belongs clearly to the third section. In the sixth Anuvaka, we have the final words of the two Anuvakas, and one paragraph. In the seventh Anuvaka, there is the final word [p. xxix] sarvam, and one paragraph added. In the eighth Anuvaka, we have the initial word, and the number of sections, viz. ten. In the ninth Anuvaka, there are the final words of one section, and six paragraphs. In the tenth Anuvaka, there is the initial word, and the number of paragraphs, viz. six. In the eleventh Anuvaka, we have the final words of four sections, and seven paragraphs, the first again forming an integral portion of the last section. The twelfth Anuvaka has one section, and five paragraphs. If five, then the santi would here have to be included, while, from what is said afterwards, it is clear that as the first word of the Valli is sam nah, so the last is vaktaram.

1st Anuvaka: pratika: brahmavid, and some other catchwords, idam, ayam, idam. Number of sections, 21. 2nd Anuvaka: pratika: annad, and other catchwords; last word, pukkha. Sections, 26. 3rd Anuvaka: pratika: pranam, and other catchwords; last word, pukkha. Sections, 22. 4th Anuvaka: pratika: yatah, and other catchwords; last word, pukkha. Sections, 18. 5th Anuvaka: pratika: vignanam, and other catchwords; last word, pukkha. Sections, 22. 6th Anuvaka: pratika: asanneva, then atha (deest in Taitt. Ar. 7). Sections, 28. 7th Anuvaka: pratika: asat. Sections, 16. 8th Anuvaka: pratika: bhishasmat, and other catchwords; last word, upasankramati. Sections, 51. 9th Anuvaka: pratika: yatah--kutaskana; then tam (deest in Taitt. Ar.). Sections, 11.

1. The first word, bhriguh, and some other catchwords. Sections, 13. 2. The first word, annam. Sections, 12 3. The first word, pranam. Sections, 12. 4. The first word, manah. Sections, 12. 5. The first word, vignanam, and some other words. Sections, 12. [p. xxx] 6. The first word, ananda, and some other words. Sections, 10. 7. The first words, annam na nindyat, pranah, sariram. Sections, 11. 8. The first words, annam na parikakshita, apo gyotih. Sections, 11. 9. The first words, annam bahu kurvita prithivim akasa. Sections, 11. 10. The first words, na kankana. Sections 61. The last words of each section are given for the tenth Anuvaka. Footnotes ^xxvii:1 Sankara (ed. Roer, p. 141) himself speaks of two Vallis, teaching the paramatmagnana (the Siksha-valli has nothing to do with this), and Anquetil has Anandbli = Ananda-valli, and Bharkbli = Bhrigu-valli. ^xxviii:1 The third Valli ends with Bhrigur ity upanishat. ^xxviii:2 See Taittiriyaka-upanishad, ed. Roer, p. 12. ^xxviii:3 See M. M., Alphabetisches Verzeichniss der Upanishads, p. 144. ^xxviii:4 The Anukramani of the Atreyi school (see Weber, Indische Studien, II, p. 208) of the Taittiriyaka gives likewise the name of Varuni to the eighth and ninth Prapathaka, while it calls the seventh Prapathaka the Samhiti, and the tenth Prapathaka the Yagnki-upanishad. That Anukramani presupposes, however, a different text, as may be seen both from the number of Anuvakas, and from the position assigned to the Yagnki as between the Samhiti and Varuni Upanishads. ^xxviii:5 See M. M., Alphabetisches Verzeichniss der Upanishads. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com IV. THE BRIHADARANYAKA-UPANISHAD. THIS Upanishad has been so often edited and discussed that it calls for no special remarks. It forms part of the Satapatha-brahmana. In the Madhyandina-sakha of that Brahmana, which has been edited by Professor Weber, the Upanishad, consisting of six adhyayas, begins with the fourth adhyaya (or third prapathaka) of the fourteenth book. There is a commentary on the Brihadaranyaka-upanishad by Dvivedasrinarayanasunu Dvivedaganga, which has been carefully edited by Weber in his great edition of the Satapatha-brahmana from a MS. in the Bodleian Library, formerly belonging to Dr. Mill, in which the Upanishad is called Madhyandiniya-brahmana-upanishad. In the Kanva-sakha the Brihadaranyaka-upanishad forms the seventeenth book of the Satapatha-brahmana, consisting of six adhyayas. As Sankara's commentary and the gloss of Anandatirtha, edited by Dr. Roer in the Bibliotheca Indica, follow the Kanva-sakha, I have followed the same text in my translation. Besides Dr. Roer's edition of the text, commentary and gloss of this Upanishad, there is Poley's edition of the text. There is also a translation of it by Dr. Roer, with large extracts from Sankara's commentary. [p. xxxi] The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com V. THE SVETASVATARA-UPANISHAD. THE Svetasvatara-upanishad has been handed down as one of the thirty-three Upanishads of the Taittiriyas, and though this has been doubted, no real argument has ever been brought forward to invalidate the tradition which represents it as belonging to the Taittiriya or Black Yagur-veda. It is sometimes called Svetasvataranam Mantropanishad (p. 274), and is frequently spoken of in the plural, as Svetasvataropanishadah. At the end of the last Adhyaya we read that Svetasvatara told it to the best among the hermits, and that it should be kept secret, and not be taught to any one except to a son or a regular pupil. It is also called Svetasva [*1], though, it would seem, for the sake of the metre only. The Svetasvataras are mentioned as a Sakha [*2], subordinate to the Karakas; but of the literature belonging to them in particular, nothing is ever mentioned beyond this Upanishad. Svetasvatara means a white mule, and as mules were known and prized in India from the earliest times, Svetasvatara, as the name of a person, is no more startling than Svetasva, white horse, an epithet of Arguna. Now as no one would be likely to conclude from the name of one of the celebrated Vedic Rishis, Syavasva, i.e. black horse, that negro influences might be discovered in his hymns, it is hardly necessary to say that all speculations as to Christian influences, or the teaching of white Syro-Christian missionaries, being indicated by the name of Svetasvatara, are groundless [*3]. The Svetasvatara-upanishad holds a very high rank among the Upanishads. Though we cannot say that it is quoted by name by Badarayana in the Vedanta-sutras, [p. xxxii] it is distinctly referred to as sruta or revealed [*1]. It is one of the twelve Upanishads chosen by Vidyaranya in his Sarvopanishad-arthanabhutiprakasa, and it was singled out by Sankara as worthy of a special commentary. The Svetasvatara-upanishad seems to me one of the most difficult, and at the same time one of the most interesting works of its kind. Whether on that and on other grounds it should be assigned to a more ancient or to a more modern period is what, in the present state of our knowledge, or, to be honest, of our ignorance of minute chronology during the Vedic period, no true scholar would venture to assert. We must be satisfied to know that, as a class, the Upanishads are presupposed by the Kalpa-sutras, that some of them, called Mantra-upanishads, form part of the more modern Samhitas, and that there are portions even in the Rig-veda-samhita [*2] for which the name of Upanishad is claimed by the Anukramanis. We find them most frequent, however, during the Brahmana-period, in the Brahmanas themselves, and, more especially, in those portions which are called Aranyakas, while a large number of them is referred to the Atharva-veda. That, in imitation of older Upanishads, similar treatises were composed to a comparatively recent time, has, of course, long been known [*3]. But when we approach the question whether among the ancient and genuine Upanishads one may be older than the other, we find that, though we may guess much, we can prove nothing. The Upanishads belonged to Parishads or settlements spread all over India. There is a stock of ideas, even of expressions, common to most of them. Yet, the ideas collected in the Upanishads cannot all have grown tip in one and the same place, still less in regular succession. They must have had an independent growth, determined by individual and local influences, and opinions which in one village might seem far advanced, would in another be looked upon as behind the world. We may [p. xxxiii] admire the ingeniousness of those who sometimes in this, sometimes in that peculiarity see a clear indication of the modern date of an Upanishad, but to a conscientious scholar such arguments are really distasteful for the very sake of their ingeniousness. He knows that they will convince many who do not know the real difficulties; he knows they will have to be got out of the way with no small trouble, and he knows that, even if they should prove true in the end, they will require very different support from what they have hitherto received, before they can be admitted to the narrow circle of scientific facts. While fully admitting therefore that the Svetasvatara-upanishad has its peculiar features and its peculiar difficulties, I must most strongly maintain that no argument that has as yet been brought forward, seems to me to prove, in any sense of the word, its modern character. It has been said, for instance, that the Svetasvatara-upanishad is a sectarian Upanishad, because, when speaking of the Highest Self or the Highest Brahman, it applies such names to him as Hara (I, 10), Rudra (II, 17; III, 2; 4; IV, 12; 21; 22), Siva (III, 14; IV, 10), Bhagavat (III, 14), Agni, Aditya, Vayu, &c. (IV, 2). But here it is simply taken for granted that the idea of the Highest Self was developed first, and, after it had reached its highest purity, was lowered again by an identification with mythological and personal deities. The questions whether the conception of the Highest Self was formed once and once only, whether it was formed after all the personal and mythological deities had first been merged into one Lord (Pragapati), or whether it was discovered behind the veil of any other name in the mythological pantheon of the past, have never been mooted. Why should not an ancient Rishi have said: What we have hitherto called Rudra, and what we worship as Agni, or Siva, is in reality the Highest Self, thus leaving much of the ancient mythological phraseology to be used with a new meaning? Why should we at once conclude that late sectarian worshippers of mythological gods replaced again the Highest Self, after their fathers had discovered it, by their own sectarian names? If we adopt the former [p. xxxiv] view, the Upanishads, which still show these rudera of the ancient temples, would have to be considered as more primitive even than those in which the idea of the Brahman or the Highest Self has reached its utmost purity. It has been considered a very strong argument in support of the modern and sectarian character of the Svetasvatara-upanishad, that 'it inculcates what is called Bhakti [*1], or implicit reliance on the favour of the deity worshipped.' Now it is quite true that this Upanishad possesses a very distinct character of its own, by the stress which it lays on the personal, and sometimes almost mythical character of the Supreme Spirit; but, so far from inculcating bhakti, in the modern sense of the word, it never mentions that word, except in the very last verse, a verse which, if necessary, certain critics would soon dispose of as a palpable addition. But that verse says no more than this: 'If these truths (of the Upanishad) have been told to a high-minded man, who feels the highest devotion for God, and for his Guru as for God, then they will shine forth indeed.' Does that prove the existence of Bhakti as we find it in the Sandilya-sutras [*2]? Again, it has been said that the Svetasvatara-upanishad is sectarian in a philosophical sense, that it is in fact an Upanishad of the Sankhya system of philosophy, and not of the Vedanta. Now I am quite willing to admit that, in its origin, the Vedanta philosophy is nearer to the Vedic literature than any other of the six systems of philosophy, and that if we really found doctrines, peculiar to the Sankhya, and opposed to the Vedanta, in the Svetasvatara-upanishad, we might feel inclined to assign to our Upanishad a later date. But where is the proof of this? No doubt there are expressions in this Upanishad which remind us of technical terms used at a later time in the Sankhya system of philosophy, but of Sankhya doctrines, which I had myself formerly suspected in this Upanishad, [p. xxxv] I can on closer study find very little. I think it was Mr. Gough who, in his Philosophy of the Upanishads, for the first time made it quite clear that the teaching of our Upanishad is, in the main, the same as that of the other Upanishads. 'The Svetasvatara-upanishad teaches,' as he says, 'the unity of souls in the one and only Self; the unreality of the world as a series of figments of the self-feigning world-fiction; and as the first of the fictitious emanations, the existence of the Demiurgos or universal soul present in every individual soul, the deity that projects the world out of himself, that the migrating souls may find the recompense of their works in former lives.' I do not quite agree with this view of the Isvara, whom Mr. Gough calls the Demiurgos, but he seems to me perfectly right when he says that the Svetasvatara-upanishad propounds in Sankhya terms the very principles that the Sankhya philosophers make it their business to subvert. One might doubt as to the propriety of calling certain terms 'Sankhya terms' in a work written at a time when a Sankhya philosophy, such as we know it as a system, had as yet no existence, and when the very name Sankhya meant something quite different from the Sankhya system of Kapila. Sankhya is derived from sankhya, and that meant counting, number, name, corresponding very nearly to the Greek logos. Sankhya, as derived from it, meant originally no more than theoretic philosophy, as opposed to yoga, which meant originally practical religious exercises and penances, to restrain the passions and the senses in general. All other interpretations of these words, when they had become technical names, are of later date. But even in their later forms, whatever we may think of the coincidences and differences between the Sankhya and Vedanta systems of philosophy, there is one point on which they are diametrically opposed. Whatever else the Sankhya may be, it is dualistic; whatever else the Vedanta may be, it is monistic. In the Sankhya, nature, or whatever else we may call it, is independent of the purusha; in the Vedanta it is not. Now the Svetasvatara-upanishad states distinctly that nature, or what in the Sankhya philosophy [p. xxxvi] is intended by Pradhana, is not an independent power, but a power (sakti) forming the very self of the Deva. 'Sages,' we read, 'devoted to meditation and concentration, have seen the power belonging to God himself, hidden in its own qualities.' What is really peculiar in the Svetasvatara-upanishad is the strong stress which it lays on the personality of the Lord, the Isvara, Deva, in the passage quoted, is perhaps the nearest approach to our own idea of a personal God, though without the background which the Vedanta always retains for it. It is God as creator and ruler of the world, as isvara, lord, but not as Paramatman, or the Highest Self. The Paramatman constitutes, no doubt, his real essence, but creation and creator have a phenomenal character only [*1]. The creation is maya, in its original sense of work, then of phenomenal work, then of illusion. The creator is mayin, in its original sense of worker or maker, but again, in that character, phenomenal only [*2]. The Gunas or qualities arise, according to the Vedanta, from prakriti or maya, within, not beside, the Highest Self, and this is the very idea which is here expressed by 'the Self-power of God, hidden in the gunas or determining qualities.' How easily that sakti or power may become an independent being, as Maya, we see in such verses as: Sarvabhuteshu sarvatman ya saktir aparabhava Gunasraya namas tasyai sasvatayai paresvara [*3]. But the important point is this, that in the Svetasvatara-upanishad this change has not taken place. Throughout the whole of it we have one Being only, as the cause of everything, never two. Whatever Sankhya philosophers of a later date may have imagined that they could discover in that Upanishad in support of their theories [*4], there is not one passage in it which, if rightly interpreted, not by itself, but in connection with the whole text, could be quoted in [p. xxxvii] support of a dualistic philosophy such as the Sankhya, as a system, decidedly is. If we want to understand, what seems at first sight contradictory, the existence of a God, a Lord, a Creator, a Ruler, and at the same time the existence of the super-personal Brahman, we must remember that the orthodox view of the Vedanta [*1] is not what we should call Evolution, but Illusion. Evolution of the Brahman, or Parinama, is heterodox, illusion or Vivarta is orthodox Vedanta. Brahman is a concept involving such complete perfection that with it evolution, or a tendency towards higher perfection, is impossible. If therefore there is change, that change can only be illusion, and can never claim the same reality as Brahman. To put it metaphorically, the world, according to the orthodox Vedantin, does not proceed from Brahman as a tree from a germ, but as a mirage from the rays of the sun. The world is, as we express it, phenomenal only, but whatever objective reality there is in it, is Brahman, 'das Ding an sich,' as Kant might call it. Then what is Isvara, or Deva, the Lord or God? The answers given to this question are not very explicit. Historically, no doubt, the idea of the Isvara, the personal God, the creator and ruler, the omniscient and omnipotent, existed before the idea of the absolute Brahman, and after the idea of the Brahman had been elaborated, the difficulty of effecting a compromise between the two ideas, had to be overcome. Isvara, the Lord, is Brahman, for what else could he be? But he is Brahman under a semblance, the semblance, namely, of a personal creating and governing God. He is not created, but is the creator, an office too low, it was supposed, for Brahman. The power which enabled Isvara to create, was a power within him, not independent of him, whether we call it Devatmasakti, Maya, or Prakriti. That power is really inconceivable, and it has assumed such different forms in the mind of different Vedantists, that in the end Maya herself is represented as the creating power, nay, as having created Isvara himself. [p. xxxviii] [paragraph continues] In our Upanishad, however, Isvara is the creator, and though, philosophically speaking, we should say that be was conceived as phenomenal, yet we must never forget that the phenomenal is the form of the real, and Isvara therefore an aspect of Brahman [*1]. 'This God,' says Pramada Dasa Mitra [*2], 'is the spirit conscious of the universe. Whilst an extremely limited portion, and that only of the material universe, enters into my consciousness, the whole of the conscious universe, together, of course, with the material one that hangs upon it, enters into the consciousness of God.' And again, 'Whilst we (the givatmans) are subject to Maya, Maya is subject to Isvara. If we truly know Isvara, we know him as Brahman; if we truly know ourselves, we know ourselves as Brahman. This being so, we must not be surprised if sometimes we find Isvara sharply distinguished from Brahman, whilst at other times Isvara, and Brahman are interchanged.' Another argument in support of the sectarian character of the Svetasvatara-upanishad is brought forward, not by European students only, but by native scholars, namely, that the very name of Kapila, the reputed founder of the Sankhya philosophy, occurs in it. Now it is quite true that if we read the second verse of the fifth Adhyaya by itself, the occurrence of the word Kapila may seem startling. But if we read it in connection with what precedes and follows, we shall see hardly anything unusual in it. It says: 'It is he who, being one only, rules over every germ (cause), over all forms, and over all germs; it is he who, in the beginning, bears in his thoughts the wise son, the fiery, whom he wished to look on while he was born.' Now it is quite clear to me that the subject in this verse is the same as in IV, II, where the same words are used, and where yo yonim yonim adhitishthaty ekah refers clearly to Brahman. It is equally clear that the prasuta, the son, the offspring of Brahman, in the Vedanta sense, can only be the same person who is elsewhere called Hiranyagarbha, [p. xxxix] the personified Brahman. Thus we read before, III, 4, 'He the creator and supporter of the gods, Rudra, the great seer (maharshi), the lord of all, formerly gave birth to Hiranyagarbha;' and in IV, 11, we have the very expression which is used here, namely, 'that he saw Hiranyagarbha being born.' Unfortunately, a new adjective is applied in our verse to Hiranyagarbha, namely, kapila, and this has called forth interpretations totally at variance with the general tenor of the Upanishad. If, instead of kapilam, reddish, fiery [*1], any other epithet had been used of Hiranyagarbha, no one, I believe, would have hesitated for a moment to recognise the fact that our text simply repeats the description of Hiranyagarbha in his relation to Brahman, for the other epithet rishim, like maharshim, is too often applied to Brahman himself and to Hiranyagarbha to require any explanation. But it is a well known fact that the Hindus, even as early as the Brahmana-period, were fond of tracing their various branches of knowledge back to Brahman or to Brahman Svayambhu and then through Pragapati, who even in the Rig-veda (X, 121, 10) replaces Hiranyagarbha, and sometimes through the Devas, such as Mrityu, Vayu, Indra, Agni [*2], &c., to the various ancestors of their ancient families. In the beginning of the Mundakopanishad we are told that Brahman told it to Atharvan, Atharvan to Angir, Angir to Satyavaha Bharadvaga, Bharadvaga to Angiras, Angiras to Saunaka. Manu, the ancient lawgiver, is called both Hairanyagarbha and Svayambhuva, as descended from Svayambhu or from Hiranyagarbha [*3]. Nothing therefore was more natural than that the same tendency should have led some one to assign the authorship of a great philosophical system like the Sankhya to Hiranyagarbha, if not to Brahman Svayambhu. And if the name of Hiranyagarbha had been used already for the ancestors of other sages, and the inspirers of other systems, what could be more natural than that another name of the same Hiranyagarbha [p. xl] should be chosen, such as Kapila. If we are told that Kapila handed his knowledge to Asuri, Asuri to Pankasikha, this again is in perfect keeping with the character of literary tradition in India. Asuri occurs in the Vamsas of the Satapatha-brahmana (see above, pp. 187, 226); Pankasikha [*1], having five tufts, might be either a general name or a proper name of an ascetic, Buddhist or otherwise. He is quoted in the Sankhya-sutras, V, 32; VI, 68. But after all this was settled, after Kapila had been accepted, like Hiranyagarbha, as the founder of a great system of philosophy, there came a reaction. People had now learnt to believe in a real Kapila, and when looking out for credentials for him, they found them wherever the word Kapila occurred in old writings. The question whether there ever was a real historical person who took the name of Kapila and taught the Sankhya-sutras, does not concern us here. I see no evidence for it. What is instructive is this, that our very passage, which may have suggested at first the name of Kapila, as distinct from Hiranyagarbha, Kapila, was later on appealed to to prove the primordial existence of a Kapila, the founder of the Sankhya philosophy. However, it requires but a very slight acquaintance with Sanskrit literature and very little reflection in order to see that the author of our verse could never have dreamt of elevating a certain Kapila, known to him as a great philosopher, if there ever was such a man, to a divine rank [*2]. Hiranyagarbha kapila may have given birth to Kapila, the hero of the Sankhya philosophers, but Kapila, a real human person, was never changed into Hiranyagarbha kapila. Let us see now what the commentators say. Sankara first explains kapilam by kanakam [*3] kapilavarnam . . . . Hiranyagarbham. Kapilo 'graga iti puranavakanat. Kapilo Hiranyagarbho va nirdisyate. But he afterwards quotes some verses in support of the theory that Kapila was a [p. xli] [paragraph continues] Paramarshi, a portion of Vishnu, intended to destroy error in the Krita Yuga, a teacher of the Sankhya philosophy. Vignanatman explains the verse rightly, and without any reference to Kapila, the Sankhya teacher. Sankarananda goes a step further, and being evidently fully aware of the misuse that had been made of this passage, even in certain passages of the Mahabharata (XII, 13254, 13703), and elsewhere, declares distinctly that kapila cannot be meant for the teacher of the Sankhya (na tu sankhyapraneta kapilah, namamatrasamyena tadgrahane syad atiprasangah). He is fully aware of the true interpretation, viz. avyakritasya prathamakaryabhutam kapilam vikitravarnam gnanakriyasaktyatmakam Hiranyagarbham ityarthah, but he yields to another temptation, and seems to prefer another view which makes Kapila Vasudevasyavatarabutam Sagaraputranam dagdharam, an Avatara of Vasudeva, the burner of the sons of Sagara. What vast conclusions may be drawn from no facts, may be seen in Weber's Indische Studien, vol. i, p. 430, and even in his History of Indian Literature, published in 1878. Far more difficult to explain than these supposed allusions to the authors and to the teaching of the Sankhya philosophy are the frequent references in the Svetasvatara-upanishad to definite numbers, which are supposed to point to certain classes of subjects as arranged in the Sankhya and other systems of philosophy. The Sankhya philosophy is fond of counting and arranging, and its very name is sometimes supposed to have been chosen because it numbers (sankhya) the subjects of which it treats. It is certainly true that if we meet, as we do in the Svetasvatara-upanishad, with classes of things [*1], numbered as one, two, three, five, eight, sixteen, twenty, forty-eight, fifty and more, and if some of these numbers agree with those recognised in the later Sankhya and Yoga systems, we feel doubtful as to whether these coincidences are accidental, or whether, if not accidental, they are due to borrowing on the part of those later systems, or on the part [p. xlii] it impossible to come to a decision on this point. Even so early as the hymns of the Rig-veda we meet with these numbers assigned to days and months and seasons, rivers and countries, sacrifices and deities. They clearly prove the existence of a considerable amount of intellectual labour which had become fixed and traditional before the composition of certain hymns, and they prove the same in the case of certain Upanishads. But beyond this, for the present, I should not like to go; and I must say that the attempts of most of the Indian commentators at explaining such numbers by a reference to later systems of philosophy or cosmology, are generally very forced and unsatisfactory. One more point I ought to mention as indicating the age of the Svetasvatara-upanishad, and that is the obscurity of many of its verses, which may be due to a corruption of the text, and the number of various readings, recognised as such, by the commentators. Some of them have been mentioned in the notes to my translation. The text of this Upanishad was printed by Dr. Roer in the Bibliotheca Indica, with Sankara's commentary. I have consulted besides, the commentary of Vignanatman, the pupil of Paramahamsa-parivragakakarya-srimag-Gnanotta-makarya, MS. I. O. 1133; and a third commentary, by Sankarananda, the pupil of Paramahamsa-parivragakakaryanandatman, MS. I. O. 1878. These were kindly lent me by Dr. Rost, the learned and liberal librarian of the India Office. Footnotes ^xxxi:1 Vakaspatyam, p. 1222. ^xxxi:2 Catal. Bodl. p. 271 a; p. 222 a. ^xxxi:3 See Weber, Ind. Stud. I, pp. 400, 421. ^xxxii:1 See Deussen, Vedanta, p. 24; Ved. Sutra I, 1, II; I, 4, 8; II, 3, 22. ^xxxii:2 See Sacred Books of the East, vol. i, p. lxvi. ^xxxii:3 Loc. cit. p. lxvii. ^xxxiv:1 Weber, Ind. Stud. I, 422; and History of Indian Literature, p. 238. ^xxxiv:2 The Aphorisms of Sandilya, or the Hindu Doctrine of Faith, translated by E. B. Cowell, Calcutta, 1879. ^xxxvi:1 Prathamam isvaratmana mayirupenavatishthate brahma; See p. 280, l. 5. ^xxxvi:2 Mayi srigate sarvam etat. ^xxxvi:3 See p. 279, l. 5. Sarvatman seems a vocative, like paresvara. ^xxxvi:4 See Sarvadarsanasangraha, p. 152. ^xxxvii:1 Vedantaparibhasha, in the Pandit, vol. iv, p. 496. ^xxxviii:1 Savisesham Brahma, or sabalam Brahma. ^xxxviii:2 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1878, p. 40. ^xxxix:1 Other colours, instead of kapila, are nila, harita, lohitaksha; see IV, 1; 4. ^xxxix:2 See Vamsa-brahmana, ed. Burnell, p. 10; Brihadaranyaka-up. pp. 185, 224. ^xxxix:3 See M. M., India, p. 372. ^xl:1 For fuller information on Pankasikha, Kapila, &c., see F. Hall's Preface to Sankhya-pravakana-bhashya, p. 9 seq.; Weber, Ind. Stud. I, p. 433. ^xl:2 Weber, Hist. of Indian Literature, p. 236. ^xl:3 This ought to be Kanakavarnam, and I hope will not be identified with the name of Buddha in a former existence. ^xli:1 See I, 4; 5; VI, 3 The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com VI. PRASNA-UPANISHAD. THIS Upanishad is called the Prasna or Shat-prasna-upanishad, and at the end of a chapter we find occasionally iti prasnaprativakanam, i.e. thus ends the answer to the question. It is ascribed to the Atharva-veda, and occasionally to the Pippalada-sakha, one of the most important sakhas of that Veda. Pippalada is mentioned in the Upanishad as the name of the principal teacher. Sankara, in the beginning of his commentary, says: [p. xliii] [paragraph continues] Mantroktasyarthasya vistaranuvadidam Brahmanam arabhyate, which would mean 'this Brahmana is commenced as more fully repeating what has been declared in the Mantra.' This, however, does not, I believe, refer to a Mantra or hymn in the Atharva-veda-samhita, but to the Mundaka-upanishad, which, as written in verse, is sometimes spoken of as a Mantra, or Mantropanishad. This is also the opinion of Anandagiri, who says, I one might think that it was mere repetition (punarukti), if the essence of the Self, which has been explained by the Mantras, were to be taught here again by the Brahmana.' For he adds, 'by the Mantras "Brahma devanam," &c.,' and this is evidently meant for the beginning of the Mundaka-upanishad, 'Brahma devanam.' Anandagiri refers again to the Mundaka in order to show that the Prasna is not a mere repetition, and if Sankara calls the beginning of it a Brahmana, this must be taken in the more general sense of 'what is not Mantra [*1].' Mantropanishad is a name used of several Upanishads which are written in verse, and some of which, like the Isa, have kept their place in the Samhitas. Footnotes ^xliii:1 Mantravyatiriktabhage tu brahmanasabdah, Rig-veda, Sayana's Introduction, vol. i, p. 23. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com VII. MAITRAYANA-BRAHMANA-UPANISHAD. IN the case of this Upanishad we must first of all attempt to settle its right title. Professor Cowell, in his edition and translation of it, calls it Maitri or Maitrayaniya-upanishad, and states that it belongs to the Maitrayaniya-sakha of the Black Yagur-veda, and that it formed the concluding portion of a lost Brahmana of that Sakha, being preceded by the sacrificial (karma) portion, which consisted of four books. In his MSS. the title varied between Maitry-upanishad and Maitri-sakha-upanishad. A Poona MS. calls it Maitrayaniya-sakha-upanishad, and a MS. copied for Baron von Eckstein, Maitrayaniyopanishad. I myself in the Alphabetical List of the Upanishads, published in the journal of [p. xliv] the German Oriental Society, called it, No. 104, Maitrayana or Maitri-upanishad, i.e. either the Upanishad of the Maitrayanas, or the Upanishad of Maitri, the principal teacher. In a MS. which I received from Dr. Burnell, the title of our Upanishad is Maitrayani-brahmana-upanishad, varying with Maitrayani-brahmana-upanishad, and Sriyagussakhayam Maitrayaniya-brahmana-upanishad. The next question is by what name this Upanishad is quoted by native authorities. Vidyaranya, in his Sarvopanishad-arthanubhutiprakasa [*1], v. 1, speaks of the Maitrayaniyanamni yagushi sakha, and he mentions Maitra (not Maitri) as the author of that Sakha. (vv. 55,150). In the Muktika-upanishad [*2] we meet with the name of Maitrayani as the twenty-fourth Upanishad, with the name of Maitreyi as the twenty-ninth; and again, in the list of the sixteen Upanishads of the Sama-veda, we find Maitrayani and Maitreyi as the fourth and fifth. Looking at all this evidence, I think we should come to the conclusion that our Upanishad derives its name from the Sakha of the Maitrayanas, and may therefore be called Maitrayana-upanishad or Maitrayani Upanishad. Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad seems likewise correct, and Maitrayani-brahmana-upanishad, like Kaushitaki-brahmana-upanishad and Vagasaneyi-samhitopanishad, might be defended, if Maitrayanin were known as a further derivative of Maitrayana. If the name is formed from the teacher Maitri or Maitra, the title of Maitri-upanishad would also be correct, but I doubt whether Maitri-upanishad would admit of any grammatical justification [*3]. Besides this Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad, however, I possess a MS. of what is called the Maitreyopanishad, sent to me likewise by the late Dr. Burnell. It is very short, and contains no more than the substance of the first Prapathaka of the Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad. I give [p. xlv] the text of it, as far as it can be restored from the one MS. in my possession: Harih Om. Brihadratho vai nama raga vairagye putram nidhapayitvedam asasvatam manyamanah sariram vairagyam upeto 'ranyam nirgagama. Sa tatra paramam tapa [*1] adityam udikshamana urdhvas tishthaty. Ante sahasrasya muner antikam agagama [*2]. Atha Brihadratho brahmavitpravaram munindram sampugya stutva bahusah pranamam akarot. So 'bravid agnir ivadhumakas tegasa nirdahann ivatmavid Bhagavan khakayanya, uttishthottishtha varam vrinishveti raganam abravit [*3]. Sa tasmai punar namaskrityovaka, Bhagavan na(ha)matmavit tvam tattvavik khusrumo vayam; sa tvam no bruhity etad vratam purastad asakyam ma prikkha prasnam Aikshvakanyan kaman vrinishveti Sakayanyah. Sarirasya sarire (sic) karanav abhimrisyamano ragemam gatham gagada. 1 Bhagavann, asthikarmasnayumaggamamsasuklasonitasreshmasrudashikavinmutrapittakaphasamghate durgandhe nihsare 'smin kharire kim kamabhogaih. 2 Kamakrodhalobhamohabhayavishadersheshtaviyoganishtasamprayogakshutpipasagaramrityurogasokadyair abhihate 'smin kharire kim kamabhogaih. 3 Sarvam kedam kshayishnu pasyamo yatheme damsamasakadayas trinavan [*4] nasyata yodbhutapradhvamsinah. 4 Atha kim etair va pare 'nye dhamartharas (sic) kakravartinah Sudyumnabhuridyumnakuvalayasvayauvanasvavaddhriyasvasvapatih sasabindur hariskandro 'mbarisho nanukastvayatir yayatir anaranyokshasenadayo marutabharataprabhritayo ragano mishato bandhuvargasya mahatim sriyam tyaktvasmal lokad amum lokam prayanti. 5. Atha kim etair va pare 'nye gandharvasurayaksharakshasabhutaganapisakoragrahadinam nirodhanam pasyamah. 6 Atha kim etair vanyanam soshanam maharnavanam [p. xlvi] sikharinam prapatanam dhruvasya prakalanam vatarunam nimagganam prithivyah sthanapasaranam suranam. So 'ham ity etadvidhe 'smin samsare kim kamopabhogair yair evasritasya sakrid avartanam drisyata ity uddhartum arhasi tyandodapanabheka ivaham asmin sam Bhagavas tvam gatis tvam no gatir iti. 7 Ayam [*1] agnir vaisvanaro yo 'yam antah purushe yenedam annam pakyate yad idam adyate tasyaisha ghosho bhavati yam etat karnav apidhaya srinoti, sa yadotkramishyan [*2] bhavati nainam ghosham srinoti. 8 Yatha [*3] nirindhano vahnih svayonav upasamyati. 9 [*4] Sa sivah so 'nte vaisvanaro bhutva sa dagdhva sarvani bhutani prithivyapsu praliyate [*5], apas tegasi liyante [*6], tego vayau praliyate [*7], vayur akase viliyate [*8], akasam indriyeshv, indriyani tanmatreshu, tanmatrani bhutadau viliyante [*9], bhutadi mahati viliyate [*10], mahan avyakte viliyate [*11], avyaktam akshare viliyate [*12]], aksharam tamasi viliyate [*13], tama ekibhavati parasmin, parastan na [*14] san nasan na sad ityetan nirvanam anusasanam iti vedanusasanam. We should distinguish therefore between the large Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad and the smaller Maitreyopanishad. The title of Maitreyi-brahmana has, of course, a totally different origin, and simply means the Brahmana which tells the story of Maitreyi [*15]. As Professor Cowell, in the Preface to his edition and translation of the Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad, has discussed its peculiar character, I have little to add on that subject. I agree with him in thinking that this Upanishad has grown, and contains several accretions. The Sanskrit commentator himself declares the sixth and seventh chapters to be Khilas or supplementary. Possibly the Maitreya-upanishad, as printed above, contains the earliest framework. Then we have traces of various recensions. Professor Cowell (Preface, p. vi) mentions a MS., copied [p. xlvii] for Baron Eckstein, apparently from a Telugu original, which contains the first five chapters only, numbered as four. The verses given in VI, 34 (p. 177), beginning with 'atreme sloka bhavanti, are placed after IV, 3. In my own MS. these verses are inserted at the beginning of the fifth chapter [*1]. Then follows in Baron Eckstein's MS. as IV, 5, what is given in the printed text as V, 1, 2 (pp. 69-76). In my own MS., which likewise comes from the South, the Upanishad does not go beyond VI, 8, which is called the sixth chapter and the end of the Upanishad. We have in fact in our Upanishad the first specimen of that peculiar Indian style, so common in the later fables and stories, which delights in enclosing one story within another. The kernel of our Upanishad is really the dialogue between the Valakhilyas and Pragapati Kratu. This is called by the commentator (see p. 331, note) a Vyakhyana, i.e. a fuller explanation of the Sutra which comes before, and which expresses in the few words, 'He is the Self, this is the immortal, the fearless, this is Brahman,' the gist of the whole Upanishad. This dialogue, or at all events the doctrine which it was meant to illustrate, was communicated by Maitri (or Maitra) to Sakayanya, and by Sakayanya to King Brihadratha Aikshvaka, also called Marut (II, 1; VI, 30). This dialogue might seem to come to an end in VI, 29, and likewise the dialogue between Sakayanya and Brihadratha; but it is carried on again to the end of VI, 30, and followed afterwards by a number of paragraphs which may probably be considered as later additions. But though admitting all this, I cannot bring myself to follow Professor Cowell in considering, as he does, even the earlier portion of the Upanishad as dating from a late period, while the latter portions are called by him comparatively modern, on account of frequent Vaishnava quotations. What imparts to this Upanishad, according to my opinion, an exceptionally genuine and ancient character, is the preservation in it of that peculiar Sandhi which, [p. xlviii] thanks to the labours of Dr. von Schroeder, we now know to be characteristic of the Maitrayana-sakha. In that Sakha final unaccented as and e are changed into a, if the next word begins with an accented vowel, except a. Before initial a, however, e remains unchanged, and as becomes o, and the initial a is sometimes elided, sometimes not. Some of these rules, it must be remembered, run counter to Panini, and we may safely conclude therefore that texts in which they are observed, date from the time before Panini. In some MSS., as, for instance, in my own MS. of the Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad, these rules are not observed, but this makes their strict observation in other MSS. all the more important. Besides, though to Dr. von Schroeder belongs, no doubt, the credit of having, in his edition of the Maitrayani Samhita, first pointed out these phonetic peculiarities, they were known as such to the commentators, who expressly point out these irregular Sandhis as distinctive of the Maitrayani sakha. Thus we read Maitr. Up. II, 3 (p. 18), that tigmategasa urdhvaretaso, instead of tigmategasa, is evamvidha etakkhakhasanketapathas khandasah sarvatra, i.e. is throughout the Vedic reading indicatory of that particular Sakha, namely the Maitrayani. A still stranger peculiarity of our Sakha is the change of a final t before initial s into n. This also occurs in our Upanishad. In VI, 8, we read svan sarirad; in VI, 2 7, yan sarirasya. Such a change seems phonetically so unnatural, that the tradition must have been very strong to perpetuate it among the Maitrayanas. Now what is important for our purposes is this, that these phonetic peculiarities run through all the seven chapters of our Upanishad. This will be seen from the following list: I. Final as changed into a before initial vowel [*1]: II, 3, tigmategasa urdhvaretaso (Comm. etakkhakhasanketapathas khandasah sarvatra). II, 5, vibodha evam. II, 7, avasthita iti. [p. xlix] III, 5, etair abhibhuta iti. IV, i, vidyata iti. VI, 4, pranava iti; bhamyadaya eko. VI, 6, aditya iti; ahavaniya iti; surya iti; ahankara iti; vyana iti. VI, 7, bharga iti. VI, 7, sannivishta iti. VI, 23, deva onkaro. VI, 30, prayata iti. VI, 30, vinirgata iti. II. Final e before initial vowels becomes a. For instance: I, 4, drisyata iti. II, 2, nishpadyata iti. III, 2, apadyata iti. III, 2, pushkara iti. IV, i, vidyata iti. VI, 10, bhunkta iti. VI, 20, asnuta iti. VI, 30, eka ahur. Even pragrihya e is changed to a in-- VI, 23, eta upasita, i.e. ete uktalakshane brahmani. In VI, 31, instead of te etasya, the commentator seems to have read te va etasya. III. Final as before a, u, and au becomes a, and is then contracted. For instance: I, 4, vanaspatayodbhuta, instead of vanaspataya, udbhuta. (Comm. Sandhis khandaso va, ukaro vatra lupto drashtavyah.) II, 6, devaushnyam, instead of deva aushnyam. (Comm. Sandhis khandasah.) VI, 24, atamavishtam, instead of atama-avishtam (Comm. Sandhis khandasah); cf. Khand. Up. VI, 8, 3, asanayeti (Comm. visarganiyalopah). IV. Final e before i becomes a, and is then contracted. For instance: VI, 7, atma ganiteti for ganita iti. (Comm. ganite, ganati.) VI, 28, avataiva for avata iva. (Comm. Sandhivriddhi khandase.) V. Final au before initial vowels becomes a. For instance: II, 6, yena va eta anugrihita iti. VI, 22, asa abhidhyata. On abhibhuyamanay iva, see p. 295, note 2. V, 2, asa atma (var. lect. asav atma). [p. l] VI. Final o of atho produces elision of initial short a. For instance: III, 2, atho 'bhibhuatvat. (Comm. Sandhis khandasah.) Various reading, ato 'bhibhutatvat. VI, 1, so antar is explained as sa u. VII. Other irregularities: VI, 7, apo pyayanat, explained by pyayanat and apyayanat. Might it be, apo 'py ayanat? VI, 7, atmano tma neta. II, 6, so tmanam abhidhyatva. VI, 35, dvidharmondharn for dvidharmandham. (Comm. khandasa.) VI, 35, tegasendham, i. e. tegasa-iddhan. (In explaining other irregular compounds, too, as in I, 4, the commentator has recourse to a khandasa or pramadika licence.) VI, 1, hiranyavasthat for hiranyavasthat. Here the dropping of a in avasthat is explained by a reference to Bhaguri (vashti Bhagurir allopam avapyor upasargayoh). See Vopadeva III, 171. VIII. Vislishtapatha: VII, 2, brahmadhiyalambana. (Comm. vislishtapathas khandasah.) VI, 35, apyay ankura for apy ankura. (Comm. yakarah pramadapathitah.) On the contrary VI, 35, vliyante for viliyante. If on the grounds which we have hitherto. examined there seems good reason to ascribe the Maitrayana-brahmana-upanishad to an early rather than to a late period, possibly to an ante-Paninean period, we shall hardly be persuaded to change this opinion on account of supposed references to Vaishnava or to Bauddha doctrines which some scholars have tried to discover in it. As to the worship of Vishnu, as one of the many manifestations of the Highest Spirit, we have seen it alluded to in other Upanishads, and we know from the Brahmanas that the name of Vishnu was connected with many of the earliest Vedic sacrifices. [p. li] As to Bauddha doctrines, including the very name of Nirvana (p. xlvi, l. 19), we must remember, as I have often remarked, that there were Bauddhas before Buddha. Brihaspati, who is frequently quoted in later philosophical writings as the author of an heretical philosophy, denying the authority of the Vedas, is mentioned by name in our Upanishad (VII, 9), but we are told that this Brihaspati, having become Sukra, promulgated his erroneous doctrines in order to mislead the Asuras, and thus to insure the safety of Indra, i.e. of the old faith. The fact that the teacher of King Brihadratha in our Upanishad is called Sakayanya, can never be used in support of the idea that, being a descendant of Saka [*1], he must have been, like Sakyamuni, a teacher of Buddhist doctrines. He is the very opposite in our Upanishad, and warns his hearers against such doctrines as we should identify with the doctrines of Buddha. As I have pointed out on several occasions, the breaking through the law of the Asramas is the chief complaint which orthodox Brahmans make against Buddhists and their predecessors, and this is what Sakayanya condemns. A Brahman may become a Sannyasin, which is much the same as a Buddhist Bhikshu, if he has first passed through the three stages of a student, a householder, and a Vanaprastha. But to become a Bhikshu without that previous discipline, was heresy in the eyes of the Brahmans, and it was exactly that heresy which the Bauddhas preached and practised. That this social laxity was gaining ground at the time when our Upanishad was written is clear (see VII, 8). We hear of people who wear red dresses (like the Buddhists) without having a right to them; we even hear of books, different from the Vedas, against which the true Brahmans are warned. All this points to times when what we call Buddhism was in the air, say the sixth century B. C., the very time to which I have always assigned the origin of the genuine and classical Upanishads. The Upanishads are to my mind the germs of Buddhism, [p. lii] while Buddhism is in many respects the doctrine of the Upanishads carried out to its last consequences, and, what is important, employed as the foundation of a new social system. In doctrine the highest goal of the Vedanta, the knowledge of the true Self, is no more than the Buddhist Samyaksambodhi; in practice the Sannyasin is the Bhikshu, the friar, only emancipated alike from the tedious discipline of the Brahmanic student, the duties of the Brahmanic householder, and the yoke of useless penances imposed on the Brahmanic dweller in the forest. The spiritual freedom of the Sannyasin becomes in Buddhism the common property of the Sangha, the Fraternity, and that Fraternity is open alike to the young and the old, to the Brahman and the Sudra, to the rich and the poor, to the wise and the foolish. In fact there is no break between the India of the Veda and the India of the Tripitaka, but there is an historical continuity between the two, and the connecting link between extremes that seem widely separated must be sought in the Upanishads [*1]. F. MAX MULLER. OXFORD, February, 1884. Footnotes ^xliv:1 See Cowell, Maitr: Up. pref. p. iv. ^xliv:2 Calcutta, 1791 (1869), p. 4; also as quoted in the Mahavakya-ratnavali, p. 2b. ^xliv:3 Dr. Burnell, in his Tanjore Catalogue, mentions, p. 35a, a Maitrayani-brahmanopanishad, which can hardly be a right title, and p. 36b a Maitrayaniya and Maitreyibrahmana. ^xlv:1 One expects asthaya. ^xlv:2 This seems better than the Maitrayana text. He went near a Muni, viz. Sakayanya. ^xlv:3 This seems unnecessary. ^xlv:4 There may be an older reading hidden in this, from which arose the reading of the Maitrayana B. U. trinavanaspatayodbhutapradhvamsinah, or yo bhutapradhvamsinah. ^xlvi:1 Maitr. Up. II, 6; p. 32. ^xlvi:2 kramishyan, m. ^xlvi:3 Yadha, m. ^xlvi:4 Maitr. Up. VI, 34; p. 178. ^xlvi:5 lipyate. ^xlvi:6 lipyante. ^xlvi:7 liyyate. ^xlvi:8 liyyate. ^xlvi:9 liyante. ^xlvi:10 liyyate. ^xlvi:11 lipyate. ^xlvi:12 liyyate. ^xlvi:13 liyyate. ^xlvi:14 tanasanna. ^xlvi:15 See Khand. Up. p. 623. ^xlvii:1 See p. 303, note 1; p. 305. note 1; p. 312, note 1. ^xlviii:1 I have left out the restriction as to the accent of the vowels, because they are disregarded in the Upanishad. It should be observed that this peculiar Sandhi occurs in the Upanishad chiefly before iti. ^li:1 Sakayanya means a grandson or further descendant of Saka; see Ganaratnavali (Baroda, 1874), p. 57a. ^lii:1 As there is room left on this page, I subjoin a passage from the Abhidharma-kosha-vyakhya, ascribed to the Bhagavat, but which, as far as style and thought are concerned, might be taken from an Upanishad: Uktam hi Bhagavata: Prithivi bho Gautama kutra pratishthita? Prithivi Brahmana abmandale pratishthita. Abmandalam bho Gautama kva pratishthitam? Vayau pratishthitam. Vayur bho Gautama kva pratishthitah? Akase pratishthitah. Akasam bho Gautama kutra pratishthitam? Atisarasi Mahabrahmana, atisarasi Mahabrahmana. Akasam Brahmanapratishthitam, analambanam iti vistarah. Tasmad asty akasam iti Vaibhashikah. (See Brihad-Ar. Up. III, 6, 1. Burnouf, Introduction a l'histoire du Buddhisme, p. 449.) 'For it is said by the Bhagavat: "O Gautama, on what does the earth rest?" "The earth, O Brahmana, rests on the sphere of water." "O Gautama, on what does the sphere of water rest?" "It rests on the air." "O Gautama, on what does the air rest?" "It rests on the ether (akasa)." "O Gautama, on what does the ether rest?" "Thou goest too far, great Brahmana; thou goest too far, great Brahmana. The ether, O Brahmana, does not rest. It has no support." Therefore the Vaibhashikas hold that there is an ether,' &c. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 1] KATHA-UPANISHAD. FIRST ADHYAYA. FIRST VALLI 1. VAGASRAVASA [*1], desirous (of heavenly rewards), surrendered (at a sacrifice) all that he possessed. He had a son of the name of Nakiketas. 2. When the (promised) presents were being given (to the priests), faith entered into the heart of Nakiketas, who was still a boy, and he thought: 3. 'Unblessed [*2], surely, are the worlds to which a man goes by giving (as his promised present at a sacrifice) cows which have drunk water, eaten hay, given their milk [*3], and are barren.' 4. He (knowing that his father had promised to give up all that he possessed, and therefore his son also) said to his father: 'Dear father, to whom wilt thou give me?' [p. 2] He said it a second and a third time. Then the father replied (angrily): 'I shall give thee [*1] unto Death.' (The father, having once said so, though in haste, had to be true to his word and to sacrifice his son.) 5. The son said: 'I go as the first, at the head of many (who have still to die); I go in the midst of many (who are now dying). What will be the work of Yama (the ruler of the departed) which to-day he has to do unto me [*2]? [p. 3] 6. 'Look back how it was with those who came before, look forward how it will be with those who come hereafter. A mortal ripens like corn, like corn he springs up again [*1].' (Nakiketas enters into the abode of Yama Vaivasvata, and there is no one to receive him. Thereupon one of the attendants of Yama is supposed to say:) 7. 'Fire enters into the houses, when a Brahmana enters as a guest [*2]. That fire is quenched by this peace-offering;--bring water, O Vaivasvata [*3]! 8. 'A Brahmana that dwells in the house of a foolish man without receiving food to eat, destroys his hopes and expectations, his possessions, his righteousness, his sacred and his good deeds, and all his sons and cattle [*4].' (Yama, returning to his house after an absence of three nights, during which time Nakiketas had received no hospitality from him, says:) 9. 'O Brahmana, as thou, a venerable guest, hast dwelt in my house three nights without eating, [p. 4] therefore choose now three boons. Hail to thee! and welfare to me!' 10. Nakiketas said: 'O Death, as the first of the three boons I choose that Gautama, my father, be pacified, kind, and free from anger towards me; and that he may know me and greet me, when I shall have been dismissed by thee.' 11. Yama said: 'Through my favour Auddalaki Aruni, thy father, will know thee, and be again towards thee as he was before. He shall sleep peacefully through the night, and free from anger, after having seen thee freed from the mouth of death.' 12. Nakiketas said: 'In the heaven-world there is no fear; thou art not there, O Death, and no one is afraid on account of old age. Leaving behind both hunger and thirst, and out of the reach of sorrow, all rejoice in the world of heaven.' 13. 'Thou knowest, O Death, the fire-sacrifice which leads us to heaven; tell it to me, for I am full of faith. Those who live in the heaven-world reach immortality,--this I ask as my second boon.' 14. Yama said: 'I tell it thee, learn it from me, and when thou understandest that fire-sacrifice which leads to heaven, know, O Nakiketas, that it is the attainment of the endless worlds, and their firm support, hidden in darkness [*1].' 15. Yama then told him that fire-sacrifice, the beginning of all the worlds [*2], and what bricks are [p. 5] required for the altar, and how many, and how they are to be placed. And Nakiketas repeated all as it had been told to him. Then Mrityu, being pleased with him, said again: 16. The generous [*1], being satisfied, said to him: I give thee now another boon; that fire-sacrifice shall be named after thee, take also this many-coloured chain [*2].' 17. 'He who has three times performed this Nakiketa rite, and has been united with the three (father, mother, and teacher), and has performed the three duties (study, sacrifice, almsgiving) overcomes birth and death. When he has learnt and understood this fire, which knows (or makes us know) all that is born of Brahman [*3], which is venerable and divine, then he obtains everlasting peace.' 18. 'He who knows the three Nakiketa fires, and knowing the three, piles up the Nakiketa sacrifice, he, having first thrown off the chains of death, rejoices in the world of heaven, beyond the reach of grief.' 19. 'This, O Nakiketas, is thy fire which leads to heaven, and which thou hast chosen as thy second boon. That fire all men will proclaim [*4]. Choose now, O Nakiketas, thy third boon.' 20. Nakiketas said: 'There is that doubt, when a man is dead,--some saying, he is; others, he is not. This I should like to know, taught by thee; this is the third of my boons.' 21. Death said: 'On this point even the gods [p. 6] have doubted formerly; it is not easy to understand. That subject is subtle. Choose another boon, O Nakiketas, do not press me, and let me off that boon.' 22. Nakiketas said: 'On this point even the gods have doubted indeed, and thou, Death, hast declared it to be not easy to understand, and another teacher like thee is not to be found:--surely no other boon is like unto this.' 23. Death said: 'Choose sons and grandsons who shall live a hundred years, herds of cattle, elephants, gold, and horses. Choose the wide abode of the earth, and live thyself as many harvests as thou desirest.' 24. 'If you can think of any boon equal to that, choose wealth, and long life. Be (king), Nakiketas, on the wide earth [*1]. I make thee the enjoyer of all desires.' 25. 'Whatever desires are difficult to attain among mortals, ask for them according to thy wish;--these fair maidens with their chariots and musical instruments,--such are indeed not to be obtained by men,--be waited on by them whom I give to thee, but do not ask me about dying.' 26. Nakiketas said: 'These things last till tomorrow, O Death, for they wear out this vigour of all the senses. Even the whole of life is short. Keep thou thy horses, keep dance and song for thyself.' 27. 'No man can be made happy by wealth. Shall we possess wealth, when we see thee? Shall we live, [p. 7] as long as thou rulest? Only that boon (which I have chosen) is to be chosen by me.' 28. 'What mortal, slowly decaying here below, and knowing, after having approached them, the freedom from decay enjoyed by the immortals, would delight in a long life, after he has pondered on the pleasures which arise from beauty and love [*1]?' 29. 'No, that on which there is this doubt, O Death, tell us what there is in that great Hereafter. Nakiketas does not choose another boon but that which enters into the hidden world.' Footnotes ^1:1 Vagasravasa is called Aruni Auddalaki Gautama, the father of Nakiketas. The father of Svetaketu, another enlightened pupil (see Khand. Up. VI, 1, 1), is also called Aruni (Uddalaka, comm. Kaush. Up. I, x) Gautama. Svetaketu himself is called Aruneya, i.e. the son of Aruni, the grandson of Aruna, and likewise Auddalaki. Auddalaki is a son of Uddalaka, but Sankara (Kath. Up. I, 11) takes Auddalaki as possibly the same as Uddalaka. See Brih. Ar. Up. III, 6, 1. ^1:2 As to @ananda@, unblessed, see Brih. Ar. Up. IV, 4, 11; Vagas. Samh. Up. 3 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. i, p. 310. ^1:3 Anandagiri explains that the cows meant here are cows no longer able to drink, to eat, to give milk, and to calve. ^2:1 Dadami, I give, with the meaning of the future. Some MSS. write dasyami. ^2:2 I translate these verses freely, i.e. independently of the commentator, not that I ever despise the traditional interpretation which the commentators have preserved to us, but because I think that, after having examined it, we have a right to judge for ourselves. Sankara says that the son, having been addressed by his father full of anger, was sad, and said to himself: 'Among many pupils I am the first, among many middling pupils I am the middlemost, but nowhere am I the last. Yet though I am such a good pupil, my father has said that he will consign me unto death. What duty has he to fulfil toward Yama which he means to fulfil to-day by giving me to him? There may be no duty, he may only have spoken in haste. Yet a father's word must not be broken.' Having considered this, the son comforted his father, and exhorted him to behave like his forefathers, and to keep his word. I do not think this view of Sankara's could have been the view of the old poet. He might have made the son say that he was the best or one of the best of his father's pupils, but hardly that he was also one of his middling pupils, thus implying that he never was among the worst. That would be out of keeping with the character of Nakiketas, as drawn by the poet himself. Nakiketas is full of faith and wishes to die, he would be the last to think of excuses why he should not die. The second half of the verse may be more doubtful. It may mean what Sankara thinks it means, only that we should get thus again an implied complaint of Nakiketas against his father, and this is not in keeping with his character. The mind of Nakiketas is bent on what is to come, on what he will see after death, and on what Yama will do unto him. 'What has Yama to do,' he asks, 'what can he do, what is it that he will to-day do unto [p. 3] me?' This seems to me consistent with the tenor of the ancient story, while Sankara's interpretations and interpolations savour too much of the middle ages of India. ^3:1 Sasya, corn rather than grass; eia, eion Benfey; Welsh haidd, according to Rhys; different from sash-pa, ces-pes, Benfey. ^3:2 Cf. Vasishtha XI, 13; Sacred Books of the East, vol. xiv, p. 51. ^3:3 Vaivasvata, a name of Yama, the ruler of the departed. Water is the first gift to be offered to a stranger who claims hospitality. ^3:4 Here again some words are translated differently from Sankara. He explains asa as asking for a wished-for object, pratiksha as looking forward with a view to obtaining an unknown object. Sangata he takes as reward for intercourse with good people; sunrita, as usual, as good and kind speech; ishta as rewards for sacrifices; purta as rewards for public benefits. ^4:1 The commentator translates: 'I tell it thee, attend to me who knows the heavenly fire.' Here the nom. sing. of the participle would be very irregular, as we can hardly refer it to bravimi. Then, 'Know this fire as a means of obtaining the heavenly world, know that fire as the rest or support of the world, when it assumes the form of Virag, and as hidden in the heart of men.' ^4:2 Sankara: the first embodied, in the shape of Virag. ^5:1 Verses 16-18 seem a later addition. ^5:2 This arises probably from a misunderstanding of verse 11, 3. ^5:3 Gatavedas. ^5:4 Tavaiva is a later addition, caused by the interpolation of verses 15-18. ^6:1 Mahabhumau, on the great earth, has been explained also by maha bhumau, be great on the earth. It is doubtful, however, whether mahi for mahin could be admitted in the Upanishads, and whether it would not be easier to write mahan bhumau. ^7:1 A very obscure verse. Sankara gives a various reading kva tadasthah for kvadhahsthah, in the sense of I given to these pleasures,' which looks like an emendation. I have changed agiryatam into agaryatam, and take it for an acc. sing., instead of a gen. plur., which could hardly be governed by upetya. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 8] SECOND VALLI 1. Death said: 'The good is one thing, the pleasant another; these two, having different objects, chain a man. It is well with him who clings to the good; he who chooses the pleasant, misses his end.' 2. 'The good and the pleasant approach man: the wise goes round about them and distinguishes them. Yea, the wise prefers the good to the pleasant, but the fool chooses the pleasant through greed and avarice.' 3. 'Thou, O Nakiketas, after pondering all pleasures that are or seem delightful, hast dismissed them all. Thou hast not gone into the road [*1] that leadeth to wealth, in which many men perish.' 4. 'Wide apart and leading to different points are these two, ignorance, and what is known as wisdom. I believe Nakiketas to be one who desires knowledge, for even many pleasures did not tear thee away [*2].' 5. 'Fools dwelling in darkness, wise in their own conceit, and puffed up with vain knowledge, go round and round, staggering to and fro, like blind men led by the blind [*3].' 6. 'The Hereafter never rises before the eyes of the careless child, deluded by the delusion of wealth. "This is the world," he thinks, "there is no other;"--thus he falls again and again under my sway.' 7. 'He (the Self) of whom many are not even able [p. 9] to hear, whom many, even when they hear of him, do not comprehend; wonderful is a man, when found, who is able to teach him (the Self); wonderful is he who comprehends him, when taught by an able teacher [*1].' 8. 'That (Self), when taught by an inferior man, is not easy to be known, even though often thought upon [*2]; unless it be taught by another, there is no way to it, for it is inconceivably smaller than what is small [*3].' 9. 'That doctrine is not to be obtained [*4] by argument, but when it is declared by another, then, O dearest, it is easy to understand. Thou hast obtained it now [*5]; thou art truly a man of true resolve. May we have always an inquirer like thee [*6]!' 10. Nakiketas said: 'I know that what is called a treasure is transient, for that eternal is not obtained by things which are not eternal. Hence the Nakiketa fire(-sacrifice) has been laid by me (first); then, by means of transient things, I have obtained what is not transient (the teaching of Yama) [*7].' 11. Yama said: 'Though thou hadst seen the fulfilment of all desires, the foundation of the world, the endless rewards of good deeds, the shore where [p. 10] there is no fear, that which is magnified by praise, the wide abode, the rest [*1], yet being wise thou hast with firm resolve dismissed it all.' 12. 'The wise who, by means of meditation on his Self, recognises the Ancient, who is difficult to be seen, who has entered into the dark, who is hidden in the cave, who dwells in the abyss, as God, he indeed leaves joy and sorrow far behind [*2].' 13. 'A mortal who has heard this and embraced it, who has separated from it all qualities, and has thus reached the subtle Being, rejoices, because he has obtained what is a cause for rejoicing. The house (of Brahman) is open, I believe, O Nakiketas.' 14. Nakiketas said: 'That which thou seest as neither this nor that, as neither effect nor cause, as neither past nor future, tell me that.' 15. Yama said: 'That word (or place) which all the Vedas record, which all penances proclaim, which men desire when they live as religious students, that word I tell thee briefly, it is Om [*3].' 16. 'That (imperishable) syllable means Brahman, that syllable means the highest (Brahman); he who knows that syllable, whatever he desires, is his.' 17. 'This is the best support, this is the highest support; he who knows that support is magnified in the world of Brahma.' 18. 'The knowing (Self) is not born, it dies not; it sprang from nothing, nothing sprang from it. The [p. 11] [paragraph continues] Ancient is unborn, eternal, everlasting; he is not killed, though the body is killed [*1].' 19. 'If the killer thinks that he kills, if the killed thinks that he is killed, they do not understand; for this one does not kill, nor is that one killed.' 20. 'The Self [*2], smaller than small, greater than great, is hidden in the heart of that creature. A man who is free from desires and free from grief, sees the majesty of the Self by the grace of the Creator [*3].' 21. 'Though sitting still, he walks far; though lying down, he goes everywhere [*4]. Who, save myself, is able to know that God who rejoices and rejoices not?' 22. 'The wise who knows the Self as bodiless within the bodies, as unchanging among changing things, as great and omnipresent, does never grieve.' 23. 'That Self [*5] cannot be gained by the Veda, nor by understanding, nor by much learning. He whom the Self chooses, by him the Self can be gained. The Self chooses him (his body) as his own.' 24. 'But he who has not first turned away from his wickedness, who is not tranquil, and subdued, or whose mind is not at rest, he can never obtain the Self (even) by knowledge! 25. 'Who then knows where He is, He to whom the Brahmans and Kshatriyas are (as it were) but food [*6], and death itself a condiment?' Footnotes ^8:1 Cf. I, 16. ^8:2 The commentator explains lolupantah by vikkhedam kritavantah. Some MSS. read lolupante and lolupanti, but one expects either lolupyante or lolupati. ^8:3 Cf. Mund. Up. II, 8. ^9:1 Cf. Bhag. Gita II, 29. ^9:2 Cf. Mund. Up. II, 4. ^9:3 I read anupramanat. Other interpretations: If it is taught by one who is identified with the Self, then there is no uncertainty. If it has been taught as identical with ourselves, then there is no perception of anything else. If it has been taught by one who is identified with it, then there is no failure in understanding it (agati). ^9:4 Apaneya; should it be apanaya, as afterwards sugnanaya? ^9:5 Because you insist on my teaching it to thee. ^9:6 Unless no is negative, for Yama, at first, does not like to communicate his knowledge. ^9:7 The words in parentheses have been added in order to remove the otherwise contradictory character of the two lines. ^10:1 Cf. Khand. Up. VII, 12, 2. ^10:2 Yama seems here to propound the lower Brahman only, not yet the highest. Deva, God, can only be that as what the Old, i.e. the Self in the heart, is to be recognised. It would therefore mean, he who finds God or the Self in his heart. See afterwards, verse 21. ^10:3 Cf. Svet. Up. IV, 9; Bhag. Gita VIII, 11. ^11:1 As to verses 18 and 19, see Bhag. Gita II, 19, 20. ^11:2 Cf. Svet. Up. III, 2 0; Taitt. Ar. X, 12, 1. ^11:3 The commentator translates 'through the tranquillity of the senses,' i.e. dhatuprasadat, taking prasada in the technical sense of samprasada. As to kratu, desire, or rather, will, see Brih. Ar. IV, 4; 5. ^11:4 Cf. Tal. Up, 5. ^11:5 Cf. I, 7-9; Mund. Up. III, 2, 3; Bhag. Gita I, 53. ^11:6 In whom all disappears, and in whom even death is swallowed up. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 12] THIRD VALLI 1. 'There are the two [*1], drinking their reward in the world of their own works, entered into the cave (of the heart), dwelling on the highest summit (the ether in the heart). Those who know Brahman call them shade and light; likewise, those householders who perform the Trinakiketa sacrifice.' 2. 'May we be able to master that Nakiketa rite which is a bridge for sacrificers; also that which is the highest, imperishable Brahman for those who wish to cross over to the fearless shore [*2].' 3. 'Know the Self to be sitting in the chariot, the body to be the chariot, the intellect (buddhi) the charioteer, and the mind the reins [*3].' 4. 'The senses they call the horses, the objects of the senses their roads. When he (the Highest Self) is in union with the body, the senses, and the mind, then wise people call him the Enjoyer.' 5. 'He who has no understanding and whose mind [p. 13] [paragraph continues] (the reins) is never firmly held, his senses (horses) are unmanageable, like vicious horses of a charioteer.' 6. 'But he who has understanding and whose mind is always firmly held, his senses are under control, like good horses of a charioteer.' 7. 'He who has no understanding, who is unmindful and always impure, never reaches that place, but enters into the round of births.' 8. 'But he who has understanding, who is mindful and always pure, reaches indeed that place, from whence he is not born again.' 9. 'But he who has understanding for his charioteer, and who holds the reins of the mind, he reaches the end of his journey, and that is the highest place of Vishnu.' 10. 'Beyond the senses there are the objects, beyond the objects there is the mind, beyond the mind there is the intellect, the Great Self is beyond the intellect.' 11. 'Beyond the Great there is the Undeveloped, beyond the Undeveloped there is the Person (purusha). Beyond the Person there is nothing--this is the goal, the highest road.' 12. 'That Self is hidden in all beings and does not shine forth, but it is seen by subtle seers through their sharp and subtle intellect.' 13. 'A wise man should keep down speech and mind [*1]; he should keep them within the Self which is knowledge; he should keep knowledge within the Self which is the Great; and he should keep that (the Great) within the Self which is the Quiet.' 14. 'Rise, awake! having obtained your boons [*2], [p. 14] understand them! The sharp edge of a razor is difficult to pass over; thus the wise say the path (to the Self) is hard.' 15. 'He who has perceived that which is without sound, without touch, without form, without decay, without taste, eternal, without smell, without beginning, without end, beyond the Great, and unchangeable, is freed from the jaws of death.' 16. 'A wise man who has repeated or heard the ancient story of Nakiketas told by Death, is magnified in the world of Brahman.' 17. 'And he who repeats this greatest mystery in an assembly of Brahmans, or full of devotion at the time of the Sraddha sacrifice, obtains thereby infinite rewards.' Footnotes ^12:1 The two are explained as the higher and lower Brahman, the former being the light, the latter the shadow. Rita is explained as reward, and connected with sukrita, lit. good deeds, but frequently used in the sense of svakrita, one's own good and evil deeds. The difficulty is, how the highest Brahman can be said to drink the reward (ritapa) of former deeds, as it is above all works and above all rewards. The commentator explains it away as a metaphorical expression, as we often speak of many, when we mean one. (Cf. Mund. Up. III, 1, 1.) I have joined sukritasya with loke, loka meaning the world, i.e. the state, the environment, which we made to ourselves by our former deeds. ^12:2 These two verses may be later additions. ^12:3 The simile of the chariot has some points of similarity with the well-known passage in Plato's Phaedros, but Plato did not borrow this simile from the Brahmans, as little as Xenophon need have consulted our Upanishad (II, 2) in writing his prologue of Prodikos. ^13:1 Sankara interprets, he should keep down speech in the mind. ^13:2 Comm., excellent teachers. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 15] SECOND ADHYAYA. FOURTH VALLI. 1. Death said: 'The Self-existent pierced the openings (of the senses) so that they turn forward: therefore man looks forward, not backward into himself. Some wise man, however, with his eyes closed and wishing for immortality, saw the Self behind.' 2. 'Children follow after outward pleasures, and fall into the snare of wide-spread death. Wise men only, knowing the nature of what is immortal, do not look for anything stable here among things unstable.' 3. 'That by which we know form, taste, smell, sounds, and loving touches, by that also we know what exists besides. This is that (which thou hast asked for).' 4. 'The wise, when he knows that that by which he perceives all objects in sleep or in waking is the great omnipresent Self, grieves no more.' 5. 'He who knows this living soul which eats honey (perceives objects) as being the Self, always near, the Lord of the past and the future, henceforward fears no more. This is that.' 6. 'He who (knows) him [*1] who was born first from [p. 16] the brooding heat [*1] (for he was born before the water), who, entering into the heart, abides therein, and was perceived from the elements. This is that.' 7. '(He who knows) Aditi also, who is one with all deities, who arises with Prana (breath or Hiranyagarbha), who, entering into the heart, abides therein, and was born from the elements. This is that.' 8. 'There is Agni (fire), the all-seeing, hidden in the two fire-sticks, well-guarded like a child (in the womb) by the mother, day after day to be adored by men when they awake and bring oblations. This is that.' 9. 'And that whence the sun rises, and whither it goes to set, there all the Devas are contained, and no one goes beyond. This is that [*2].' 10. 'What is here (visible in the world), the same is there (invisible in Brahman); and what is there, the same is here. He who sees any difference here (between Brahman and the world), goes from death to death.' 11. 'Even by the mind this (Brahman) is to be obtained, and then there is no difference whatsoever. He goes from death to death who sees any difference here.' 12. 'The person (purusha), of the size of a thumb [*3], stands in the middle of the Self (body?), as lord of the past and the future, and henceforward fears no more. This is that.' 13. 'That person, of the size of a thumb, is like a light without smoke, lord of the past and the future, he is the same to-day and to-morrow. This is that.' [p. 17] 14. 'As rain-water that has fallen on a mountain-ridge runs down the rocks on all sides, thus does he, who sees a difference between qualities, run after them on all sides.' 15. 'As pure water poured into pure water remains the same, thus, O Gautama, is the Self of a thinker who knows.' Footnotes ^15:1 The first manifestation of Brahman, commonly called Hiranyagarbha, which springs from the tapas of Brahman. Afterwards only water and the rest of the elements become manifested. The text of these verses is abrupt, possibly corrupt. The two accusatives, tishthantam and tishthantim, seem to me to require veda to be supplied from verse 4. ^16:1 Cf. srishtikrama. ^16:2 Cf. V, 8. ^16:3 Svet. Up. III, 13. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 18] FIFTH VALLI. 1. 'There is a town with eleven [*1] gates belonging to the Unborn (Brahman), whose thoughts are never crooked. He who approaches it, grieves no more, and liberated (from all bonds of ignorance) becomes free. This is that.' 2. 'He (Brahman) [*2] is the swan (sun), dwelling in the bright heaven; he is the Vasu (air), dwelling in the sky; he is the sacrificer (fire), dwelling on the hearth; he is the guest (Soma), dwelling in the sacrificial jar; he dwells in men, in gods (vara), in the sacrifice (rita), in heaven; he is born in the water, on earth, in the sacrifice (rita), on the mountains; he is the True and the Great.' 3. 'He (Brahman) it is who sends up the breath (prana), and who throws back the breath (apana). All the Devas (senses) worship him, the adorable (or the dwarf), who sits in the centre.' 4. 'When that incorporated (Brahman), who dwells in the body, is torn away and freed from the body, what remains then? This is that.' 5. 'No mortal lives by the breath that goes up and by the breath that goes down. We live by another, in whom these two repose.' 6. 'Well then, O Gautama, I shall tell thee this mystery, the old Brahman, and what happens to the Self, after reaching death.' [p. 19] 7. 'Some enter the womb in order to have a body, as organic beings, others go into inorganic matter, according to their work and according to their knowledge [*1].' 8. 'He, the highest Person, who is awake in us while we are asleep, shaping one lovely sight after another, that indeed is the Bright, that is Brahman, that alone is called the Immortal. All worlds are contained in it, and no one goes beyond. This is that [*2].' 9. 'As the one fire, after it has entered the world, though one, becomes different according to whatever it burns, thus the one Self within all things becomes different, according to whatever it enters, and exists also without [*3].' 10. 'As the one air, after it has entered the world, though one, becomes different according to whatever it enters, thus the one Self within all things becomes different, according to whatever it enters, and exists also without.' 11. 'As the sun, the eye of the whole world, is not contaminated by the external impurities seen by the eyes, thus the one Self within all things is never contaminated by the misery of the world, being himself without [*4].' 12. 'There is one ruler, the Self within all things, who makes the one form manifold. The wise who perceive him within their Self, to them belongs eternal happiness, not to others [*5].' 13. 'There is one eternal thinker, thinking non-eternal [p. 20] thoughts, who, though one, fulfils the desires of many. The wise who perceive him within their Self, to them belongs eternal peace, not to others [*1].' 14. 'They perceive that highest indescribable pleasure, saying, This is that. How then can I understand it? Has it its own light, or does it reflect light?' 15. 'The sun does not shine there, nor the moon and the stars, nor these lightnings, and much less this fire. When he shines, everything shines after him; by his light all this is lighted [*2].' Footnotes ^18:1 Seven apertures in the head, the navel, two below, and the one at the top of the head through which the Self escapes. Cf. Svet. Up. III, 18; Bhag. Gita V, 13. ^18:2 Cf. Rig-veda IV, 40, 5. ^19:1 Cf. Brih. Ar. II, 2, 13. ^19:2 Cf. IV, 9; VI, 1. ^19:3 Cf. Brih. Ar. II, 5, 19. ^19:4 Cf. Bhag. Gita XIII, 52. ^19:5 Cf. Svet. Up. VI, 12. ^20:1 Cf. Svet. Up. VI, 13. ^20:2 Cf. Svet. Up. VI, 14; Mund. Up. II, 2, 10; Bhag. Gita XV, 6. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 21] SIXTH VALLI. 1. 'There is that ancient tree [*1], whose roots grow upward and whose branches grow downward;--that [*2] indeed is called the Bright [*3], that is called Brahman, that alone is called the Immortal [*4]. All worlds are contained in it, and no one goes beyond. This is that.' 2. 'Whatever there is, the whole world, when gone forth (from the Brahman), trembles in its breath [*5]. That Brahman is a great terror, like a drawn sword. Those who know it become immortal.' 3. 'From terror of Brahman fire burns, from terror the sun burns, from terror Indra and Vayu, and Death, as the fifth, run away [*6].' 4. 'If a man could not understand it before the falling asunder of his body, then he has to take body again in the worlds of creation [*7].' [p. 22] 5. 'As in a mirror, so (Brahman may be seen clearly) here in this 'body; as in a dream, in the world of the Fathers; as in the water, he is seen about in the world of the Gandharvas; as in light and shade [*1], in the world of Brahma.' 6. 'Having understood that the senses are distinct [*2] (from the Atman), and that their rising and setting (their waking and sleeping) belongs to them in their distinct existence (and not to the Atman), a wise man grieves no more.' 7. 'Beyond. the senses is the mind, beyond the mind is the highest (created) Being [*3], higher than that Being is the Great Self, higher than the Great, the highest Undeveloped.' 8. 'Beyond the Undeveloped is the Person, the all-pervading and entirely imperceptible. Every creature that knows him is liberated, and obtains immortality.' 9. 'His form is not to be seen, no one beholds him with the eye. He is imagined by the heart, by wisdom, by the mind. Those who know this, are immortal [*4].' 10. 'When the five instruments of knowledge stand still together with the mind, and when the intellect does not move, that is called the highest state.' 11. 'This, the firm holding back of the senses, is what is called Yoga. He must be free from thoughtlessness then, for Yoga comes and goes [*5].' [p. 23] 12. 'He (the Self) cannot be reached by speech, by mind, or by the eye. How can it be apprehended except by him who says: "He is?"' 13. 'By the words "He is," is he to be apprehended, and by (admitting) the reality of both (the invisible Brahman and the visible world, as coming from Brahman). When he has been apprehended by the words "He is," then his reality reveals itself' 14. 'When all desires that dwell in his heart cease, then the mortal becomes immortal, and obtains Brahman.' 15. 'When all the ties [*1] of the heart are severed here on earth, then the mortal becomes immortal--here ends the teaching [*2].' 116. 'There are a hundred and one arteries of the heart [*3], one of them penetrates the crown of the head [*4]. Moving upwards by it, a man (at his death) reaches the Immortal [*5]; the other arteries serve for departing in different directions.' 17. 'The Person not larger than a thumb, the inner Self, is always settled in the heart of men [*6]. Let a man draw that Self forth from his body with steadiness, [p. 24] as one draws the pith from a reed [*1]. Let him know that Self as the Bright, as the Immortal; yes, as the Bright, as the Immortal [*2].' 18. Having received this knowledge taught by Death and the whole rule of Yoga (meditation), became free from passion [*3] and death, and obtained Brahman. Thus it will be with another also who knows thus what relates to the Self. 19. May He protect us both! May He enjoy us both! May we acquire Strength together! May our knowledge become bright! May we never quarrel [*4]! Om! Peace! peace! peace! Harih, Om! Footnotes ^21:1 The fig-tree which sends down its branches so that they strike root and form new stems, one tree growing into a complete forest. ^21:2 Cf. Bhag. Gita XV, 1-3. ^21:3 Cf. V, 8. ^21:4 The commentator says that the tree is the world, and its root is Brahman, but there is nothing to support this view in the original, where tree, roots, and branches are taken together as representing the Brahman in its various manifestations. ^21:5 According to the commentator, in the highest Brahman. ^21:6 Cf. Taitt. Up. II, 8, 1. ^21:7 The commentator translates: 'If a man is able to understand (Brahman), then even before the decay of his body, he is liberated. If he is not able to understand it, then he has to take body again in the created worlds.' I doubt whether it is possible to supply so much, and should prefer to read iha ken nasakad, though I find it difficult to explain how so simple a text should have been misunderstood and corrupted. ^22:1 Roer: 'As in a picture and in the sunshine! ^22:2 They arise from the elements, ether, &c. ^22:3 Buddhi or intellect, cf. III, 10. ^22:4 Much better in Svet. Up. IV, 20: 'Those who know him by the heart as being in the heart, and by the mind, are immortal.' ^22:5 Sankara explains apyaya by apaya. ^23:1 Ignorance, passion, &c. Cf. Mund. Up. II, 11, 10; II, 2, 9. ^23:2 The teaching of the Vedanta extends so far and no farther. (Cf. Prasna Up. VI, 7.) What follows has reference, according to the commentator, not to him who knows the highest Brahman, for he becomes Brahman at once and migrates no more; but to him who does not know the highest Brahman fully, and therefore migrates to the Brahmaloka, receiving there the reward for his partial knowledge and for his good works. ^23:3 Cf. Khand. Up. VIII, 6, 6. ^23:4 It passes out by the head. ^23:5 The commentator says: He rises through the sun (Mund. Up. I, 2, 11) to a world in which he enjoys some kind of immortality. ^23:6 Svet. Up. III. 13. ^24:1 Roer: 'As from a painter's brush a fibre.' ^24:2 This repetition marks, as usual, the end of a chapter. ^24:3 Viraga, free from vice and virtue. It may have been vigara, free from old age. See, however, Mund. Up. I, 2, 11. ^24:4 Cf. Taitt. Up. III, 1; III, 10, note. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 25] [p. 26] [p. 27] MUNDAKA-UPANISHAD. FIRST MUNDAKA. FIRST KHANDA. 1. BRAHMA was the first of the Devas, the maker of the universe, the preserver of the world. He told the knowledge of Brahman, the foundation of all knowledge, to his eldest son Atharva [*1]. 2. Whatever Brahma told Atharvan, that knowledge of Brahman Atharvan formerly told to Angir; he told it to Satyavaha Bharadvaga, and Bharadvaga told it in succession to Angiras. 3. Saunaka, the great householder, approached Angiras respectfully and asked: 'Sir, what is that through which, if it is known, everything else becomes known?' 4. He said to him: 'Two kinds of knowledge must be known, this is what all who know Brahman tell us, the higher and the lower knowledge.' 5. 9 The lower knowledge is the Rig-veda, Yagur-veda, Sama-veda, Atharva-veda, Siksha (phonetics), Kalpa (ceremonial), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymology), Khandas (metre), Gyotisha (astronomy) [*2]; [p. 28] but the higher knowledge is that by which the Indestructible (Brahman) is apprehended.' 6. 'That which cannot be seen, nor seized, which has no family and no caste [*1], no eyes nor ears, no hands nor feet, the eternal, the omnipresent (all-pervading), infinitesimal, that which is imperishable, that it is which the wise regard as the source of all beings.' 7. 'As the spider sends forth and draws in its thread, as plants grow on the earth, as from every man hairs spring forth on the head and the body, thus does everything arise here from the Indestructible.' 8. 'The Brahman swells by means of brooding (penance) [*2]; hence is produced matter (food); from matter breath [*3], mind, the true [*4], the worlds (seven), and from the works (performed by men in the worlds), the immortal (the eternal effects, rewards, and punishments of works).' [p. 29] 9. 'From him who perceives all and who knows all, whose brooding (penance) consists of knowledge, from him (the highest Brahman) is born that Brahman [*1], name, form [*2], and matter (food).' Footnotes ^27:1 The change between Atharva and Atharvan, like that between Nakiketas and Nakiketa, shows the freedom of the phraseology of the Upanishad, and cannot be used for fixing the date of the constituent elements of the Upanishad. ^27:2 Other MSS. add here itihasa-purana-nyaya-mimamsa-dharma-sastrani. ^28:1 I translate varna by caste on account of its conjunction with gotra. The commentator translates, 'without origin and without qualities.' We should say that which belongs to no genus or species. ^28:2 I have translated tapas by brooding, because this is the only word in English which combines the two meanings of warmth and thought. Native authorities actually admit two roots, one tap, to burn, the other tap, to meditate; see commentary on Parasara-smriti, p. 39b (MS. Bodl.), Tapah krikkhrakandrayanadirupenaharavarganam. Nanu Vyasena tapo 'nyatha smaryate, tapah svadharma-vartitvam saukam sanganibarhanam iti; nayam doshah, krikkhrader api svadharmaviseshat. Tapa samtapa ity asmad dhator utpannasya tapah-sabdasya dehasoshane vrittir mukhya. . . . Yat tu tatraivoktam, ko 'yam mokshah katham tena samsaram pratipannavan ity alokanam arthagnas tapah samsanti pandita iti so 'nya eva tapahsabdah, tapa alokana ity asmad dhator utpannah. ^28:3 Hiranyagarbha, the living world as a whole. Comm. ^28:4 Satya, if we compare Kath. VI, 7 and III, 10, seems to mean buddhi. Here it is explained by the five elements. ^29:1 Hiranyagarbha. Comm. ^29:2 Namarupam, a very frequent concept in Buddhistic literature. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 30] SECOND KHANDA. 1. This is the truth [*1]: the sacrificial works which they (the poets) saw in the hymns (of the Veda) have been performed in many ways in the Treta age [*2]. Practise [*3] them diligently, ye lovers of truth, this is your path that leads to the world of good works [*4]! 2. When the fire is lighted and the flame flickers, let a man offer his oblations between the two portions of melted butter, as an offering with faith. 3. If a man's Agnihotra sacrifice [*5] is not followed [p. 31] by the new-moon and full-moon sacrifices, by the four-months' sacrifices, and by the harvest sacrifice, if it is unattended by guests, not offered at all, or without the Vaisvadeva ceremony, or not offered according to rule, then it destroys his seven worlds [*1]. 4. Kali (black), Karali (terrific), Manogava (swift as thought), Sulohita (very red), Sudhumravarna (purple), Sphulingini (sparkling), and the brilliant Visvarupi [*2] (having all forms), all these playing about are called the seven tongues (of fire). 5. If a man performs his sacred works when these flames are shining, and the oblations follow at the right time, then they lead him as sun-rays to where the one Lord of the Devas dwells. 6. Come hither, come hither! the brilliant oblations say to him, and carry the sacrificer on the rays of the sun, while they utter pleasant speech and praise him, saying: 'This is thy holy Brahma-world (Svarga), gained by thy good works.' 7. But frail, in truth, are those boats, the sacrifices, the eighteen, in which this lower ceremonial has been told [*3]. Fools who praise this as the highest good, are subject again and again to old age and death. [p. 32] 8. Fools dwelling in darkness, wise in their own conceit, and puffed up with vain knowledge, go round and round staggering to and fro, like blind men led by the blind [*1]. 9. Children, when they have long lived in ignorance, consider themselves happy. Because those who depend on their good works are, owing to their passions, improvident, they fall and become miserable when their life (in the world which they had gained by their good works) is finished. 10. Considering sacrifice and good works as the best, these fools know no higher good, and having enjoyed (their reward) on the height of heaven, gained by good works, they enter again this world or a lower one. 11. But those [*2] who practise penance and faith in the forest, tranquil, wise, and living on alms, depart free from passion through the sun to where that immortal Person dwells whose nature is imperishable [*3]. 12. Let a Brahmana, after he has examined all these worlds which are gained by works, acquire freedom from all desires. Nothing that is eternal (not made) can be gained by what is not eternal (made). Let him, in order to understand this, take [p. 33] fuel in his hand and approach a Guru who is learned and dwells entirely in Brahman. 13. To that pupil who has approached him respectfully, whose thoughts are not troubled by any desires, and who has obtained perfect peace, the wise teacher truly told that knowledge of Brahman through which he knows the eternal and true Person. Footnotes ^30:1 In the beginning of the second Khanda the lower knowledge is first described, referring to the performance of sacrifices and other good deeds. The reward of them is perishable, and therefore a desire is awakened after the higher knowledge. ^30:2 The Treta age is frequently mentioned as the age of sacrifices. I should prefer, however, to take treta in the sense of trayi vidya, and santata as developed, because the idea that the Treta age was distinguished by its sacrifices, seems to me of later origin. Even the theory of the four ages or yugas, though known in the Ait. Brahmana, is not frequently alluded to in the older Upanishads. See Weber, Ind. Stud. I, p. 283. ^30:3 The termination tha for ta looks suspiciously Buddhistic; see 'Sanskrit Texts discovered in Japan,' J. R. A. S. 1880, p. 180. ^30:4 Svakrita and sukrita are constantly interchanged. They mean the same, good deeds, or deeds performed by oneself and believed to be good. ^30:5 At the Agnihotra, the first of all sacrifices, and the type of many others, two portions of agya are sacrificed on the right and left side of the Ahavaniya altar. The place between the two is called the Avapasthana, and here the oblations to the gods are to be offered. There are. two oblations in the morning to Surya and Pragapati, two in the evening to Agni and Pragapati. Other sacrifices, such as the Darsa and Purnamasa, and those mentioned in verse 3, are connected with the Agnihotra. ^31:1 The seven worlds form the rewards of a pious sacrificer, the first is Bhuh, the last Satya. The seven worlds may also be explained as the worlds of the father, grandfather, and great-grandfather, of the son, the grandson, and great-grandson, and of the sacrificer himself. ^31:2 Or Visvaruki, if there is any authority for this reading in Mahidhara's commentary to the Vagas. Samhita XVII, 79. The Rajah of Besmah's edition has visvaruki, which is also the reading adopted by Rammohun Roy, see Complete Works, vol. i, p. 579. ^31:3 The commentator takes the eighteen for the sixteen priests, the sacrificer, and his wife. But such an explanation hardly yields a satisfactory meaning, nor does plava mean perishable. ^32:1 Cf. Kath. Up. II, 5. ^32:2 According to the commentator, this verse refers to those who know the uselessness of sacrifices and have attained to a knowledge of the qualified Brahman. They live in the forest as Vanaprasthas and Samnyasins, practising tapas, i.e. whatever is proper for their state, and sraddha, i.e. a knowledge of Hiranyagarbha. The wise are the learned Grihasthas, while those who live on alms are those who have forsaken their family. ^32:3 That person is Hiranyagarbha. His immortality is relative only, it lasts no longer than the world (samsara). The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 34] SECOND MUNDAKA. FIRST KHANDA. 1. This is the truth. As from a blazing fire sparks, being like unto fire [*1], fly forth a thousandfold, thus are various beings brought forth from the Imperishable, my friend, and return thither also. 2. That heavenly Person is without body, he is both without and within, not produced, without breath and without mind, pure, higher than the high Imperishable [*2]. 3. From him (when entering on creation) is born breath, mind, and all organs of sense, ether, air, light, water, and the earth, the support of all. 4. Fire (the sky) is his head, his eyes the sun and the moon, the quarters his ears, his speech the Vedas disclosed, the wind his breath, his heart the universe; from his feet came the earth; he is indeed the inner Self of all things [*3]. 5. From him comes Agni (fire) [*4], the sun being the fuel; from the moon (Soma) comes rain (Parganya); from the earth herbs; and man gives seed unto the woman. Thus many beings are begotten from the Person (purusha). 6. From him come the Rik, the Saman, the [p. 35] [paragraph continues] Yagush, the Diksha (initiatory rites), all sacrifices and offerings of animals, and the fees bestowed on priests, the year too, the sacrificer, and the worlds, in which the moon shines brightly and the sun. 7. From him the many Devas too are begotten, the Sadhyas (genii), men, cattle, birds, the up and down breathings, rice and corn (for sacrifices), penance, faith, truth, abstinence, and law. 8. The seven senses (prana) also spring from him, the seven lights (acts of sensation), the seven kinds of fuel (objects by which the senses are lighted), the seven sacrifices (results of sensation), these seven worlds (the places of the senses, the worlds determined by the senses) in which the senses move, which rest in the cave (of the heart), and are placed there seven and seven. 9. Hence come the seas and all the mountains, from him flow the rivers of every kind; hence come all herbs and the juice through which the inner Self subsists with the elements. 10. The Person is all this, sacrifice, penance, Brahman, the highest immortal; he who knows this hidden in the cave (of the heart), he, O friend, scatters the knot of ignorance here on earth. Footnotes ^34:1 Cf. Brih. Ar. II, 1, 20. ^34:2 The high Imperishable is here the creative, the higher the noncreative Brahman. ^34:3 Called Vishnu and Virag by the commentators. ^34:4 There are five fires, those of heaven, rain, earth, man, and woman. Comm. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 36] SECOND KHANDA. 1. Manifest, near, moving in the cave (of the heart) is the great Being. In it everything is centred which ye know as moving, breathing, and blinking, as being and not-being, as adorable, as the best, that is beyond the understanding of creatures. 2. That which is brilliant, smaller than small, that on which the worlds are founded and their inhabitants, that is the indestructible Brahman, that is the breath, speech, mind; that is the true, that is the immortal. That is to be hit. Hit it, O friend! 3. Having taken the Upanishad as the bow, as the great weapon, let him place on it the arrow, sharpened by devotion! Then having drawn it with a thought directed to that which is, hit the mark, O friend, viz. that which is the Indestructible! 4. Om is the bow, the Self is the arrow, Brahman is called its aim. It is to be hit by a man who is not thoughtless; and then, as the arrow (becomes one with the target), he will become one with Brahman. 5. In him the heaven, the earth, and the sky are woven, the mind also with all the senses. Know him alone as the Self, and leave off other words! He is the bridge of the Immortal. 6. He moves about becoming manifold within the heart where the arteries meet, like spokes fastened to the nave. Meditate on the Self as Om! Hail to you, that you may cross beyond (the sea of) darkness! 7. He who understands all and who knows all, he to whom all this glory in the world belongs, the [p. 37] Self, is placed in the ether, in the heavenly city of Brahman (the heart). He assumes the nature of mind, and becomes the guide of the body of the senses. He subsists in food, in close proximity to the heart. The wise who understand this, behold the Immortal which shines forth full of bliss. 8. The fetter of the heart is broken, all doubts are solved, all his works (and their effects) perish when He has been beheld who is high and low (cause and effect) [*1]. 9. In the highest golden sheath there is the Brahman without passions and without parts. That is pure, that is the light of lights, that is it which they know who know the Self. 10. The [*2] sun does not thine there, nor the moon and the stars, nor these lightnings, and much less this fire. When he shines, everything shines after him; by his light all this is lighted [*3]. 11. That immortal Brahman is before, that Brahman is behind, that Brahman is right and left. It has gone forth below and above; Brahman alone is all this, it is the best. Footnotes ^37:1 Cf. Kath. Up. VI, 15. ^37:2 Kath. Up. V, 15. ^37:3 Svet. Up. VI, 14; Bhag. Gita IX, 15, 6. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 38] THIRD MUNDAKA. FIRST KHANDA. 1. Two birds, inseparable friends, cling to the same tree. One of them eats the sweet fruit, the other looks on without eating [*1]. 2. On the same tree man sits grieving, immersed, bewildered by his own impotence (an-isa). But when he sees the other lord (isa) contented and knows his glory, then his grief passes away [*2]. 3. When the seer sees the brilliant maker and lord (of the world) as the Person who has his source in Brahman, then he is wise, and shaking off good and evil, he reaches the highest oneness, free from passions; 4. For he is the Breath shining forth in all beings, and he who understands this becomes truly wise, not a talker only. He revels in the Self, he delights in the Self, and having performed his works (truthfulness, penance, meditation, &c.) he rests, firmly established in Brahman, the best of those who know Brahman [*3]. [p. 39] 5. By truthfulness, indeed, by penance, right knowledge, and abstinence must that Self be gained; the Self whom spotless anchorites gain is pure, and like a light within the body. 6. The true prevails, not the untrue; by the true the path is laid out, the way of the gods (devayanah), on which the old sages, satisfied in their desires, proceed to where there is that highest place of the True One. 7. That (true Brahman) shines forth grand, divine., inconceivable, smaller than small; it is far beyond what is far and yet near here, it is hidden in the cave (of the heart) among those who see it even here. 8. He is not apprehended by the eye, nor by speech, nor by the other senses, not by penance or good works [*1]. When a man's nature has become purified by the serene light of knowledge, then he sees him, meditating on him as without parts. 9. That subtle Self is to be known by thought (ketas) there where breath has entered fivefold, for every thought of men is interwoven with the senses, and when thought is purified, then the Self arises. 10. Whatever state a man, whose nature is purified imagines, and whatever desires he desires (for himself or for others) [*2], that state he conquers and [p. 40] those desires he obtains. Therefore let every man who desires happiness worship the man who knows the Self [*1]. Footnotes ^38:1 Cf. Rv. I, 164, 20; Nir. XIV, 30; Svet. Up. IV, 6; Kath. Up. III, 1. ^38:2 Cf. Svet. Up. IV, 7. ^38:3 The commentator states that, besides atmaratih kriyavan, there was another reading, viz. atmaratikriyavan. This probably owed its origin to a difficulty felt in reconciling kriyavan, performing acts, with the brahmavidam varishthah, the best of those who know Brahman, works being utterly incompatible with a true knowledge of Brahman. Kriyavan, however, as Sankara points out, may mean here simply, having performed meditation and other acts conducive to a knowledge of Brahman. Probably truthfulness, [p. 39] penance, &c., mentioned in the next following verse, are the kriyas or works intended. For grammatical reasons also this reading is preferable. But the last foot esha brahmavidam varishthah is clearly defective. If we examine the commentary, we see that Sankara read brahmanishthah, and that he did not read esha, which would give us the correct metre, brahmanishtho brahmavidam varishthah. ^39:1 Cf. Kath. Up. VI, 12. ^39:2 Cf. Brih. Ar. I, 4, 15. ^40:1 All this is said by the commentator to refer to a knowledge of the conditioned Brahman only. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND KHANDA. 1. He (the knower of the Self) knows that highest home of Brahman [*2], in which all is contained and shines brightly. The wise who, without desiring happiness, worship that Person [*3], transcend this seed, (they are not born again.) 2. He who forms desires in his mind, is born again through his desires here and there. But to him whose desires are fulfilled and who is conscious of the true Self (within himself) all desires vanish, even here on earth. 3. That Self [*4] cannot be gained by the Veda, nor by understanding, nor by much learning. He whom the Self chooses, by him the Self can be gained. The Self chooses him (his body) as his own. 4. Nor is that Self to be gained by one who is destitute of strength, or without earnestness, or without right meditation. But if a wise man strives after it by those means (by strength, earnestness, and right meditation), then his Self enters the home of Brahman. 5. When they have reached him (the Self), the sages become satisfied through knowledge, they are conscious of their Self, their passions have passed [p. 41] away, and they are tranquil. The wise, having reached Him who is omnipresent everywhere, devoted to the Self, enter into him wholly. 6. Having well ascertained the object of the knowledge of the Vedanta [*1], and having purified their nature by the Yoga [*2] of renunciation, all anchorites, enjoying the highest immortality, become free at the time of the great end (death) in the worlds of Brahma. 7. Their fifteen parts [*3] enter into their elements, their Devas (the senses) into their (corresponding) Devas [*4]. Their deeds and their Self with all his knowledge become all one in the highest Imperishable. 8. As the flowing rivers disappear in the sea [*5], losing their name and their form, thus a wise man, freed from name and form, goes to the divine Person, who is greater than the great [*6]. 9. He who knows that highest Brahman, becomes even Brahman. In his race no one is born ignorant of Brahman. He overcomes grief, he overcomes evil; free from the fetters of the heart, he becomes immortal. 10. And this is declared by the following Rik-verse: 'Let a man tell this science of Brahman to those only who have performed all (necessary) acts, who are versed in the Vedas, and firmly established in (the lower) Brahman, who themselves offer as [p. 42] an oblation the one Rishi (Agni), full of faith, and by whom the rite of (carrying fire on) the head has been performed, according to the rule (of the Atharvanas).' 11. The Rishi Angiras formerly told this true (science [*1]); a man who has not performed the (proper) rites, does not read it. Adoration to the highest Rishis! Adoration to the highest Rishis! Footnotes ^40:2 See verse 4. ^40:3 The commentator refers purusha to the knower of the Self. ^40:4 Kath. Up. II, 23. ^41:1 Cf. Taitt. Ar. X, 12, 3; Svet. Up. VI, 22; Kaiv. Up. 3; see Weber, Ind. Stud. I, p. 288. ^41:2 By the Yoga system, which, through restraint (yoga), leads a man to true knowledge. ^41:3 Cf. Prasna Up. VI, 4. ^41:4 The eye into the sun, &c. ^41:5 Cf. Prasna Up. VI, 5. ^41:6 Greater than the conditioned Brahman. Comm. ^42:1 To Saunaka, cf. I, 1, 3 The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 43] [p. 44] [p. 45] TAITTIRIYAKA-UPANISHAD.

OR, THE CHAPTER ON SIKSHA (PRONUNCIATION). FIRST ANUVAKA [*1]. 1. HARIH, OM! May Mitra be propitious to us, and Varuna, Aryaman also, Indra, Brihaspati, and the wide-striding Vishnu [*2]. Adoration to Brahman! Adoration to thee, O Vayu (air)! Thou indeed art the visible Brahman. I shall proclaim thee alone as the visible Brahman. I shall proclaim the right. I shall proclaim the true (scil. Brahman). (1-5) [*3] May it protect me! May it protect the teacher! yes, may it protect me, and may it protect the teacher! Om! Peace! peace! peace! Footnotes ^45:1 This invocation is here counted as an Anuvaka; see Taitt. Ar., ed. Rajendralal Mitra, p. 725. ^45:2 This verse is taken from Rig-veda-samhita I, 90, 9. The deities are variously explained by the commentators: Mitra as god of the Prana (forth-breathing) and of the day; Varuna as god of the Apana (off-breathing) and of the night. Aryaman is supposed to represent the eye or the sun; Indra, strength; Brihaspati, speech or intellect; Vishnu, the feet. Their favour is invoked, because it is only if they grant health that the study of the highest wisdom can proceed without fail. ^45:3 Five short sentences, in addition to the one paragraph. Such sentences occur at the end of other Anuvakas also, and are counted separately. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 46] SECOND ANUVAKA. 1. Om [*1]! Let us explain Siksha, the doctrine of pronunciation, viz. letter, accent, quantity, effort (in the formation of letters), modulation, and union of letters (sandhi). This is the lecture on Siksha. Footnotes ^46:1 Cf. Rig-veda-pratisakhya, ed. M. M., p. iv seq. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com THIRD ANUVAKA. 1. May glory come to both of us (teacher and pupil) together! May Vedic light belong to both of us! Now let us explain the Upanishad (the secret meaning) of the union (samhita) [*2], under five heads, with regard to the worlds, the heavenly lights, knowledge, offspring, and self (body). People call these the great Samhitas. First, with regard to the worlds. The earth is the former element, heaven the latter, ether their union; 2. That union takes place through Vayu (air). So much with regard to the worlds. Next, with regard to the heavenly lights. Agni (fire) is the former element, Aditya (the sun) the latter, water their union. That union takes place through lightning. So much with regard to the heavenly lights. Next, with regard to knowledge. The teacher is the former element, The pupil the latter, knowledge their union. That union takes place through the recitation of the Veda. So much with regard to knowledge. Next, with regard to offspring. The mother is [p. 47] the former element, the father the latter, offspring their union. That union takes place through procreation. So much with regard to offspring. 4. Next, with regard to the self (body). The lower jaw is the former element, the upper jaw the latter, speech their union. That union takes place through speech. So much with regard to the Self. These are the great Samhitas. He who knows these Samhitas (unions), as here explained, becomes united with offspring, cattle, Vedic light, food, and with the heavenly world. Footnotes ^46:2 Cf. Aitareya-aranyaka III, 1, 1 (Sacred Books, vol. i, p. 247). The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FOURTH ANUVAKA. 1. May he [*1] who is the strong bull of the Vedas, assuming all forms, who has risen from the Vedas, from the Immortal, may that Indra (lord) strengthen me with wisdom! May I, O God, become an upholder of the Immortal! May my body be able, my tongue sweet, may I hear much with my ears! Thou (Om) art the shrine (of Brahman), covered by wisdom. Guard what I have learnt [*2]. She (Sri, happiness) brings near and spreads, 2. And makes, without delay, garments for herself, cows, food, and drink at all times; therefore bring that Sri (happiness) hither to me, the woolly, with [p. 48] her cattle ! Svaha ! May the Brahman-students come to me, Svaha! May they come from all sides, Svaha! May they come forth to me, Svaha! May they practise restraint, Svaha! May they enjoy peace, Svaha! 3. May I be a glory among men, Svaha! May I be better than the richest, Svaha! May I enter into thee, O treasure (Om), Svaha! Thou, O treasure , enter into me, Svaha! In thee, consisting of a thousand branches, in thee, O treasure, I am cleansed, Svaha! As water runs downward, as the months go to the year, so, O preserver of the world, may Brahman-students always come to me from all sides, Svaha! (1) Thou art a refuge! Enlighten me! Take possession of me! Footnotes ^47:1 The next verses form the prayer and oblation of those who wish for wisdom and happiness. In the first verse it is supposed that the Om is invoked, the most powerful syllable of the Vedas, the essence extracted from all the Vedas, and in the end a name of Brahman. See Khand. Up. p. x seq. ^47:2 Here end the prayers for the attainment of wisdom, to be followed by oblations for the attainment of happiness. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FIFTH ANUVAKA. 1. Bhu, Bhuvas, Suvas [*4], these are the three sacred interjections (vyahriti). Mahakamasya taught a fourth, viz. Mahas, which is Brahman, which is the Self. The others (devatas) are its members. Bhu is this world, Bhuvas is the sky, Suvas is the other world. 2. Mahas is the sun. All the worlds are increased by the sun. Bhu is Agni (fire), Bhuvas is Vayu (air), Suvas is Aditya (sun). Mahas is the moon. All the heavenly lights are increased by the moon. [p. 49] Bhu is the Rik-verses, Bhuvas is the Saman-verses, Suvas is the Yagus-verses. 3. Mahas is Brahman. All the Vedas are increased by the Brahman. (1-2) Bhu is Prana (up-breathing), Bhuvas is Apana, (down-breathing), Suvas is Vyana (back-breathing). Mahas is food. All breathings are increased by food. Thus there are these four times four, the four and four sacred interjections. He who knows these, (1-2) Knows the Brahman. All Devas bring offerings to him. Footnotes ^48:1 The construction is not right. Woolly, lomasa, is explained as 'possessed of woolly sheep.' ^48:2 With the interjection Svaha each oblation is offered. ^48:3 Bhaga, here explained as bhagavat. ^48:4 The text varies between Bhu, Bhuvas, Suvas, Mahas, and Bhu, Bhuvar, Suvar, Mahar. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SIXTH ANUVAKA. 1. There is the ether within the heart, and in it there is the Person (purusha) consisting of mind, immortal, golden. Between the two palates there hangs the uvula, like a nipple--that is the starting-point of Indra (the lord) [*1]. Where the root of the hair divides, there he opens the two sides of the head, and saying Bhu, he enters Agni (the fire); saying Bhuvas, he enters Vayu (air); 2. Saying Suvas, he enters Aditya (sun); saying Mahas, he enters Brahman. He there obtains lordship, he reaches the lord of the mind. He becomes lord of speech, lord of sight, lord of hearing, lord of knowledge. Nay, more than this. There is the Brahman whose body is ether, whose nature is true, rejoicing in the senses (prana), delighted in the mind, perfect in peace, and immortal. (1) Worship thus, O Prakinayogya! Footnotes ^49:1 Cf. I, 4, 1. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 50] SEVENTH ANUVAKA. 1. 'The earth, the sky, heaven, the four quarters, and the intermediate quarters,'--'Agni (fire), Vayu (air), Aditya (sun), Kandramas (moon), and the stars,'--'Water, herbs, trees, ether, the universal Self (virag),'--so much with reference to material objects (bhuta). Now with reference to the self (the body): 'Prana (up-breathing), Apana (down-breathing), Vyana (back-breathing), Udana (out-breathing), and Samana (on-breathing),'--'The eye, the ear, mind, speech, and touch,'--'The skin, flesh, muscle, bone, and marrow.' Having dwelt on this (fivefold arrangement of the worlds, the gods, beings, breathings, senses, and elements of the body), a Rishi said: 'Whatever exists is fivefold (pankta) [*1].' (1) By means of the one fivefold set (that referring to the body) he completes the other fivefold set. Footnotes ^50:1 Cf. Brih. Ar. Up. I, 4, 17. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com EIGHTH ANUVAKA. 1. Om means Brahman. 2. Om means all this. 3. Om means obedience. When they have been told, 'Om, speak,' they speak. 4. After Om they sing Samans. 5. After Om they recite hymns. 6. After Om the Adhvaryu gives the response. 7. After Om the Brahman-priest gives orders. 8. After Om he (the sacrificer) allows the performance of the Agnihotra. 9. When a Brahmana is going to begin his lecture, he says, 10. 'Om, may I acquire Brahman (the Veda).' He thus acquires the Veda. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 51] NINTH ANUVAKA [*1]. 1. (What is necessary?) The night, and learning and practising the Veda. The true, and learning and practising the Veda. Penance, and learning and practising the Veda. Restraint, and learning and practising the Veda. Tranquillity, and learning and practising the Veda. The fires (to be consecrated), and learning and practising the Veda. The Agnihotra sacrifice, and learning and practising the Veda. Guests (to be entertained), and learning and practising the Veda. Man's duty, and learning and practising the Veda. Children, and learning and practising the Veda. (1-6) Marriage, and learning and practising the Veda. Children's children, and learning and practising the Veda. Satyavakas Rathitara thinks that the true only is necessary. Taponitya Paurasishti thinks that penance only is necessary. Naka Maudgalya thinks that learning and practising the Veda only are necessary,--for that is penance, that is penance. Footnotes ^51:1 This chapter is meant to show that knowledge alone, though it secures the highest object, is not sufficient by itself, but must be preceded by works. The learning of the Veda by heart and the practising of it so as not to forget it again, these two must always have been previously performed. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com TENTH ANUVAKA. 1. 'I am he who shakes the tree (i.e. the tree of the world, which has to be cut down by knowledge). 2. My glory is like the top of a mountain. 3. I, whose pure light (of knowledge) has risen high, am that which is truly immortal, as it resides in the sun. [p. 52] 4. I am the brightest treasure. 5. I am wise, immortal, imperishable [*1].' 6. This is the teaching of the Veda, by the poet Trisanku. Footnotes ^52:1 This verse has been translated as the commentator wishes it to be understood, in praise of that knowledge of Self which is only to be obtained after all other duties, and, more particularly, the study of the Veda, have been performed. The text is probably corrupt, and the interpretation fanciful. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com ELEVENTH ANUVAKA. 1. After having taught the Veda, the teacher instructs the pupil: 'Say what is true! Do thy duty! Do not neglect the study of the Veda! After having brought to thy teacher his proper reward, do not cut off the line of children! Do not swerve from the truth! Do not swerve from duty! Do not neglect what is useful! Do not neglect greatness! Do not neglect the learning and teaching of the Veda! 2. 'Do not neglect the (sacrificial) works due to the Gods and Fathers! Let thy mother be to thee like unto a god! Let thy father be to thee like unto a god! Let thy teacher be to thee like unto a god! Let thy guest be to thee like unto a god! Whatever actions are blameless, those should be regarded, not others. Whatever good works have been performed by us, those should be observed by thee,-- 3. 'Not others. And there are some Brahmanas better than we. They should be comforted by thee by giving them a seat. Whatever is given should be given with faith, not without faith,--with joy, with modesty, with fear, with kindness. If there should [p. 53] be any doubt in thy mind with regard to any sacred act or with regard to conduct,-- 4. 'In that case conduct thyself as Brahmanas who possess good judgment conduct themselves therein, whether they be appointed or not [*1], as long as they are not too severe, but devoted to duty. And with regard to things that have been spoken against, as Brahmanas who possess good judgment conduct themselves therein, whether they be appointed or not, as long as they are not too severe, but devoted to duty, (1-7) Thus conduct thyself 'This is the rule. This is the teaching. This is the true purport (Upanishad) of the Veda. This is the command. Thus should you observe. Thus should this be observed.' Footnotes ^53:1 Aparaprayukta iti svatantrah. For other renderings, see Weber, Ind. Stud. II, p. 216. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com TWELFTH ANUVAKA. 1. May Mitra be propitious to us, and Varuna, Aryaman also, Indra, Brihaspati, and the wide-striding Vishnu! Adoration to Brahman! Adoration to thee, O Vayu! Thou indeed art the visible Brahman. I proclaimed thee alone as the visible Brahman. (1-5) I proclaimed the right. I proclaimed the true. It protected me. It protected the teacher. Yes, it protected me, it protected the teacher. Om! Peace! peace! peace! The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 54]

OR, THE CHAPTER ON ANANDA (BLISS). Harih, Om! May it (the Brahman) protect us both (teacher and pupil)! May it enjoy us both! May we acquire strength together! May our knowledge become bright! May we never quarrel! Peace! peace! peace [*1]! FIRST ANUVAKA. He who knows the Brahman attains the highest (Brahman). On this the following verse is recorded: 'He who knows Brahman, which is (i.e. cause, not effect), which is conscious, which is without end, as hidden in the depth (of the heart), in the highest ether, he enjoys all blessings, at one with the omniscient Brahman.' From that Self [*2] (Brahman) sprang ether (akasa, that through which we hear); from ether air (that through which we hear and feel); from air fire (that through which we hear, feel, and see); from fire water (that through which we hear, feel, see, and taste); from water earth (that through which we hear, feel, see, taste, and smell). From earth herbs, from herbs food, from food seed, from seed man. Man thus consists of the essence of food. This is his head, [p. 55] this his right arm, this his left arm, this his trunk (Atman), this the seat (the support) . On this there is also the following Sloka: Footnotes ^54:1 Not counted here as an Anuvaka. The other Anuvakas are divided into a number of small sentences. ^54:2 Compare with this srishtikrama, Khand. Up. VI, 2; Ait. Ar. II, 4, 1. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND ANUVAKA. 'From food [*2] are produced all creatures which dwell on earth. Then they live by food, and in the end they return to food. For food is the oldest of all beings, and therefore it is called panacea (sarvaushadha, i.e. consisting of all herbs, or quieting the heat of the body of all beings).' They who worship food as Brahman [*3], obtain all food. For food is the oldest of all beings, and therefore it is called panacea. From food all creatures are produced; by food, when born, they grow. Because it is fed on, or because it feeds on beings, therefore it is called food (anna). Different from this, which consists of the essence of food, is the other, the inner Self, which consists of breath. The former is filled by this. It also has the shape of man. Like the human shape of the former is the human shape of the latter. Prana (up-breathing) is its head. Vyana (back-breathing) is its right arm. Apana (down-breathing) is its left arm. Ether is its trunk. The earth the seat (the support). On this there is also the following Sloka: Footnotes ^55:1 The text has 'the tail, which is his support.' But pratishtha seems to have been added, the Anuvaka ending originally with pukkha, which is explained by nabher adhastad yad angam. In the Persian translation the different members are taken for members of a bird, which is not unlikely. ^55:2 Anna is sometimes used in the more general sense of matter. ^55:3 Worship consisting in the knowledge that they are born of food, live by food, and end in food, which food is Brahman. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 56] THIRD ANUVAKA. 'The Devas breathe after breath (prana), so do men and cattle. Breath is the life of beings, therefore it is called sarvayusha (all-enlivening).' They who worship breath as Brahman, obtain the full life. For breath is the life of all beings, and therefore it is called sarvayusha. The embodied Self of this (consisting of breath) is the same as that of the former (consisting of food). Different from this, which consists of breath, is the other, the inner Self, which consists of mind. The former is filled by this. It also has the shape of man. Like the human shape of the former is the human shape of the latter. Yagus is its head. Rik is its right arm. Saman is its left arm. The doctrine (adesa, i.e. the Brahmana) is its trunk. The Atharvangiras (Atharva-hymns) the seat (the support). On this there is also the following Sloka: The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FOURTH ANUVAKA [*1]. 'He who knows the bliss of that Brahman, from whence all speech, with the mind, turns away unable to reach it, he never fears! The embodied Self of this (consisting of mind) is the same as that of the former (consisting of breath). Different from this, which consists of mind, is the other, the inner Self, which consists of understanding. The former is filled by this. It also has the shape of man. Like the human shape of the former is the human shape of the latter. Faith is its head. What is right is its right arm. What is true is its left arm. [p. 57] Absorption (yoga) is its trunk. The great (intellect?) is the seat (the support). On this there is also the following Sloka: Footnotes ^56:1 Cf. II, 9. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FIFTH ANUVAKA. 'Understanding performs the sacrifice, it performs all sacred acts. All Devas worship understanding as Brahman, as the oldest. If a man knows understanding as Brahman, and if he does not swerve from it, he leaves all evils behind in the body, and attains all his wishes.' The embodied Self of this (consisting of understanding) is the same as that of the former (consisting of mind). Different from this, which consists of understanding, is the other inner Self, which consists of bliss. The former is filled by this. It also has the shape of man. Like the human shape of the former is the human shape of the latter. joy is its head. Satisfaction its right arm. Great satisfaction is its left arm. Bliss is its trunk. Brahman is the seat (the support). On this there is also the following Sloka: The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SIXTH ANUVAKA. 'He who knows the Brahman as non-existing, becomes himself non-existing. He who knows the Brahman as existing, him we know himself as existing.' The embodied Self of this (bliss) is the same as that of the former (understanding). Thereupon follow the questions of the pupil: 'Does any one who knows not, after he has departed this life, ever go to that world? Or does he who knows, after he has departed, go to that world [*1]?' [p. 58] The answer is: He wished, may I be many , may I grow forth. He brooded over himself (like a man performing penance). After he had thus brooded, he sent forth (created) all, whatever there is. Having sent forth, he entered into it. Having entered it, he became sat (what is manifest) and tyat (what is not manifest), defined and undefined, supported and not supported, (endowed with) knowledge and without knowledge (as stones), real and unreal . The Sattya (true) became all this whatsoever, and therefore the wise call it (the Brahman) Sat-tya (the true). On this there is also this Sloka: Footnotes ^57:1 As he who knows and he who knows not, are both sprung from Brahman, the question is supposed to be asked by the pupil, whether both will equally attain Brahman. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SEVENTH ANUVAKA. 'In the beginning this was non-existent (not yet defined by form and name). From it was born what exists. That made itself its Self, therefore it is called the Self-made [*3].' That which is Self-made is a flavour [*4] (can be tasted), for only after perceiving a flavour can any one perceive pleasure. Who could breathe, who could breathe forth, if that bliss (Brahman) [p. 59] existed not in the ether (in the heart)? For he alone causes blessedness. When he finds freedom from fear and rest in that which is invisible, incorporeal, undefined, unsupported, then he has obtained the fearless. For if he makes but the smallest distinction in it, there is fear for him} [*1]. But that fear exists only for one who thinks himself wise [*2], (not for the true sage.) On this there is also this Sloka: Footnotes ^58:1 In the Khandogya-upanishad VI, 2, 1, where a similar account of the creation is given, the subject is spoken of as tad, neuter. It is said there: 'In the beginning there was that only which is, one only, without a second. It willed, may I be many,' &c. (Cf. Brih. Ar. Up. Vol. ii, p. 52.) ^58:2 What appears as real and unreal to the senses, not the really real and unreal. ^58:3 Cf. Ait. Up. I, 2, 3. ^58:4 As flavour is the cause of pleasure, so Brahman is the cause of all things. The wise taste the flavour of existence, and know that it proceeds from Brahman, the Self-made. See Kaushitaki-upanishad I, 5; Sacred Books, vol. i, p. 277. ^59:1 Fear arises only from what is not ourselves. Therefore, as soon as there is even the smallest distinction made between our Self and the real Self, there is a possibility of fear. The explanation ud = api, aram = alpam is very doubtful, but recognised in the schools. It could hardly be a proverbial expression, 'if he makes another stomach' meaning as much as, 'if he admits another person.' According to the commentator, we should translate, 'for one who knows (a difference), and does not know the oneness.' ^59:2 I read manvanasya, the commentator amanvanasya. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com EIGHTH ANUVAKA. (1) 'From terror of it (Brahman) the wind blows, from terror the sun rises; from terror of it Agni and Indra, yea Death runs as the fifth [*3].' Now this is an examination of (what is meant by) Bliss (ananda): Let there be a noble young man, who is well read (in the Veda), very swift, firm, and strong, and let the whole world be full of wealth for him, that is one measure of human bliss. One hundred times that human bliss (2) is one measure of the bliss of human Gandharvas (genii), [p. 60] and likewise of a great sage (learned in the Vedas) who is free from desires. One hundred times that bliss of human Gandharvas is one measure of the bliss of divine Gandharvas (genii), and likewise of a great sage who is free from desires. One hundred times that bliss of divine Gandharvas is one measure of the bliss of the Fathers, enjoying their long estate, and likewise of a great sage who is free from desires. One hundred times that bliss of the Fathers is one measure of the bliss of the Devas, born in the Agana heaven (through the merit of their lawful works), (3) and likewise of a great sage who is free from desires. One hundred times that bliss of the Devas born in the Agana heaven is one measure of the bliss of the sacrificial Devas, who go to the Devas by means of their Vaidik sacrifices, and likewise of a great sage who is free from desires. One hundred times that bliss of the sacrificial Devas is one measure of the bliss of the (thirty-three) Devas, and likewise of a great sage who is free from desires. One hundred times that bliss of the (thirty-three) Devas is one measure of the bliss of Indra, (4) and likewise of a great sage who is free from desires. One hundred times that bliss of Indra is one measure of the bliss of Brihaspati, and likewise of a great sage who is free from desires. One hundred times that bliss of Brihaspati is one measure of the bliss of Pragapati, and likewise of a great sage who is free from desires. One hundred times that bliss of Pragapati is one [p. 61] measure of the bliss of Brahman, and likewise of a great sage who is free from desires. (5) He [*1] who is this (Brahman) in man, and he who is that (Brahman) in the sun, both are one [*2]. [p. 62] He who knows this, when he has departed this world, reaches and comprehends the Self which consists of food, the Self which consists of breath, the Self which consists of mind, the Self which consists of understanding, the Self which consists of bliss. On this there is also this Sloka: Footnotes ^59:3 Kath. Up. VI, 3. ^61:1 Cf. III, 10, 4. ^61:2 In giving the various degrees of happiness, the author of the Upanishad gives us at the same time the various classes of human and divine beings which we must suppose were recognised in his time. We have Men, human Gandharvas, divine Gandharvas, Fathers (pitaras kiralokalokah), born Gods (aganaga devah), Gods by merit (karmadevah), Gods, Indra, Brihaspati, Pragapati, Brahman. Such a list would seem to be the invention of an individual rather than the result of an old tradition, if it did not occur in a very similar form in the Satapatha-brahmana, Madhyandina-sakha XIV, 7, 1 ,31, Kanva-sakha (Brih. Ar. Up. IV, 3, 32). Here, too, the highest measure of happiness is ascribed to the Brahmaloka, and other beings are supposed to share a certain measure only of its supreme happiness. The scale begins in the Madhyandina-sakha with men, who are followed by the Fathers (pitaro gitalokah), the Gods by merit (karmadevah), the Gods by birth (aganadevah, with whom the Srotriya is joined), the world of Gods, the world of Gandharvas, the world of Pragapati, the world of Brahman. In the Brihad-aranyaka-upanishad we have Men, Fathers, Gandharvas, Gods by merit, Gods by birth, Pragapati, and Brahman. If we place the three lists side by side, we find-- TAITTIRIYA-UPAN. SATAPATHA-BRAH. BRIHADARAN.-UPAN. Men Men Men Human Gandharvas (and Srotriya) ---- ---- Divine Gandharvas ---- ---- Fathers (kiraloka) Fathers (gitaloka) Fathers (gitaloka) ---- Gandharvas Gods by birth Gods by merit Gods by merit Gods by merit Gods by birth (and Srotriya) Gods by birth (and Srotriya) Gods Gods ---- Indra Gandharvas ---- Brihaspati ---- ---- Pragapati Pragapati Pragapati Brahman Brahman Brahman. The commentators do not help us much. Sankara on the Taittiriyaka-upanishad [p. 62] explains the human Gandharvas as men who have become Gandharvas, a kind of fairies; divine Gandharvas, as Gandharvas by birth. The Fathers or Manes are called Kiraloka, because they remain long, though not for ever, in their world. The aganaga Gods are explained as born in the world of the Devas through their good works (smarta), while the Karmadevas are explained as born there through their sacred works (vaidika). The Gods are the thirty-three, whose lord is Indra, and whose teacher Brihaspati. Pragapati is Virag, Brahman Hiranyagarbha. Dvivedaganga, in his commentary on the Satapatha-brahmana, explains the Fathers as those who, proceeding on the Southern path, have conquered their world, more particularly by having themselves offered in their life sacrifices to their Fathers. The Karmadevas, according to him, are those who have become Devas by sacred works (srauta), the Aganadevas those who were gods before there were men. The Gods are Indra and the rest, while the Gandharvas are not explained. Pragapati is Virag, Brahman is Hiranyagarbha. Lastly, Sankara, in his commentary on the Brihadaranyakaupanishad, gives nearly the same explanation as before; only that he makes aganadevah still clearer, by explaining them as gods aganatah, i.e. utpattitah, from their birth. The arrangement of these beings and their worlds, one rising above the other, reminds us of the cosmography of the Buddhists, but the elements, though in a less systematic form, existed evidently before. Thus we find in the so-called Gargi-brahmana (Satapatha-brahmana XIV, 6, 6, 1) the following succession: Water, air, ether [*a], the worlds of the sky [*b], heaven, sun, moon, stars, gods, Gandharvas [*c], Pragapati, Brahman. In the Kaushitaki-upanishad I, 3 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. i, p. 275) there is another series, the worlds of Agni, Vayu, Varuna, Indra, Pragapati, and Brahman. See Weber, Ind. Stud. II, p. 224. ^61:a Deest in Kanva-sakha. ^61:b Between sky and sun, the Kanva-sakha places the Gandharvaloka (Brih. Ar. Up. III, 6, 1, p. 609). ^61:c Instead of Gandharvas, the Brih. Ar. Up. places Indra. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 63] NINTH ANUVAKA [*1]. He who knows the bliss of that Brahman, from whence all speech, with the mind, turns away unable to reach it, he fears nothing [*2].' He does not distress himself with the thought, Why did I not do what is good? Why did I do what is bad? He who thus knows these two (good and bad), frees himself. He who knows both, frees himself [*3]. This is the Upanishad [*4]. Footnotes ^63:1 Cf. II, 4. ^63:2 Even if there is no fear from anything else, after the knowledge of Self and Brahman has been obtained, it might be thought that fear might still arise from the commission of evil deeds, and the omission of good works. Therefore the next paragraphs have been added. ^63:3 The construction of these two sentences is not clear to me. ^63:4 Here follows the Anukramani, and in some MSS. the same invocation with which the next Valli begins. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 64]

OR, THE CHAPTER OF BHRIGU. Harih, Om! May it (the Brahman) protect us both! May it enjoy us both! May we acquire strength together! May our knowledge become bright! May we never quarrel! Peace! peace! peace [*1]! FIRST ANUVAKA. Bhrigu Varuni went to his father Varuna, saying: Sir, teach me Brahman.' He told him this, viz. Food, breath, the eye, the ear, mind, speech. Then he said again to him: 'That from whence these beings are born, that by which, when born, they live, that into which they enter at their death, try to know that. That is Brahman.' He performed penance. Having performed penance-- Footnotes ^64:1 The same paragraph, as before (II, 1), occurs at the end of the Katha-upanishad, and elsewhere. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND ANUVAKA. He perceived that food is Brahman, for from food these beings are produced; by food, when born, they live; and into food they enter at their death. Having perceived this, he went again to his father Varuna, saying: 'Sir, teach me Brahman.' He said to him: 'Try to know Brahman by penance, for penance is (the means of knowing) Brahman.' He performed penance. Having performed penance-- The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 65] THIRD ANUVAKA. He perceived that breath [*1] is Brahman, for from breath these beings are born; by breath, when born, they live; into breath they enter at their death. Having perceived this, he went again to his father Varuna, saying: 'Sir, teach me Brahman.' He said to him: 'Try to know Brahman by penance, for penance is (the means of knowing) Brahman.' He performed penance. Having performed penance-- Footnotes ^65:1 Or life; see Brih. Ar. Up. IV, 1, 3. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FOURTH ANUVAKA. He perceived that mind (manas) is Brahman, for from mind these beings are born; by mind, when born, they live; into mind they enter at their death. Having perceived this, he went again to his father Varuna, saying: 'Sir, teach me Brahman.' He said to him: 'Try to know Brahman by penance, for penance is (the means of knowing) Brahman.' He performed penance. Having performed penance-- The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FIFTH ANUVAKA. He perceived that understanding (vignana) was Brahman, for from understanding these beings are born; by understanding, when born, they live; into understanding they enter at their death. Having perceived this, he went again to his father Varuna, saying--'Sir, teach me Brahman.' He said to him: 'Try to know Brahman by penance, for penance is (the means of knowing) Brahman.' [p. 66] He performed penance. Having performed penance-- The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SIXTH ANUVAKA. He perceived that bliss is Brahman, for from bliss these beings are born; by bliss, when born, they live; into bliss they enter at their death. This is the knowledge of Bhrigu and Varuna , exalted in the highest heaven (in the heart). He who knows this becomes exalted, becomes rich in food, and able to eat food (healthy), becomes great by offspring, cattle, and the splendour of his knowledge (of Brahman), great by fame. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SEVENTH ANUVAKA. Let him never abuse food, that is the rule. Breath is food , the body eats the food. The body rests on breath, breath rests on the body. This is the food resting on food. He who knows this food resting on food , rests exalted, becomes rich in food, and able to cat food (healthy), becomes great by offspring, cattle, and the splendour of his knowledge (of Brahman), great by fame. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com EIGHTH ANUVAKA. Let him never shun food, that is the rule. Water is food, the light eats the food. The light rests on water, water rests on light. This is the food resting [p. 67] on food [*1]. He who knows this food resting on food, rests exalted, becomes rich in food, and able to eat food (healthy), becomes great by offspring, cattle, and the splendour of his knowledge (of Brahman), great by fame. Footnotes ^66:1 Taught by Varuna, learnt by Bhrigu Varuni. ^66:2 Because, like food, it is inside the body. ^66:3 The interdependence of food and breath. The object of this discussion is to show (see Sankara's commentary, p. 135) that the world owes its origin to there being an enjoyer (subject) and what is enjoyed (object), but that this distinction does not exist in the Self. ^67:1 The interdependence of water and light. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com NINTH ANUVAKA. Let him acquire much food, that is the rule. Earth is food, the ether eats the food. The ether rests on the earth, the earth rests on the ether. This is the food resting on food. He who knows this food resting on food, rests exalted, becomes rich in food, and able to eat food (healthy), becomes great by offspring, cattle, and the splendour of his knowledge (of Brahman), great by fame. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com TENTH ANUVAKA. 1. Let him never turn away (a stranger) from his house, that is the rule. Therefore a man should by all means acquire much food, for (good) people say (to the stranger): 'There is food ready for him.' If he gives food amply, food is given to him amply. If he gives food fairly, food is given to him fairly. If he gives food meanly, food is given to him meanly. 2. He who knows this, (recognises and worships Brahman [*2]) as possession in speech, as acquisition and possession in up-breathing (prana) and down-breathing (apana); as action in the hands; as walking in the feet; as voiding in the anus. These are the human recognitions (of Brahman as manifested in human actions). Next follow the recognitions (of [p. 68] [paragraph continues] Brahman) with reference to the Devas, viz. as satisfaction in rain; as power in lightning; 3. As glory in cattle; as light in the stars; as procreation, immortality, and bliss in the member; as everything in the ether. Let him worship that (Brahman) as support, and he becomes supported. Let him worship that (Brahman) as greatness (mahah), and he becomes great. Let him worship that (Brahman) as mind, and he becomes endowed with mind. 4. Let him worship that (Brahman) as adoration, and all desires fall down before him in adoration. Let him worship that (Brahman) as Brahman, and he will become possessed of Brahman. Let him worship this as the absorption of the gods [*1] in Brahman, and the enemies who hate him will die all around him, all around him will die the foes whom he does not love. He [*2] who is this (Brahman) in man, and he who is that (Brahman) in the sun, both are one. 5. He who knows this, when he has departed this world, after reaching and comprehending the Self which consists of food, the Self which consists of breath, the Self which consists of mind, the Self which consists of understanding, the Self which consists of bliss, enters and takes possession of these worlds, and having as much food as he likes, and assuming as many forms as he likes, he sits down singing this Saman (of Brahman): 'Havu, havu, havu! [p. 69] 6. 'I am food (object), I am food, I am food! I am the eater of food (subject), I am the eater of food, I am the eater of food! I am the poet (who joins the two together), I am the poet, I am the poet! I am the first-born of the Right (rita). Before the Devas I was in the centre of all that is immortal. He who gives me away, he alone preserves me: him who eats food, I eat as food. 'I overcome the whole world, I, endowed with golden light [*1]. He who knows this, (attains all this).' This is the Upanishad [*2]. Footnotes ^67:2 Brahmana upasanaprakatrah. ^68:1 Cf. Kaush. Up. II, 12. Here the absorption of the gods of fire, sun, moon, and lightning in the god of the air (vayu) is described. Sankara adds the god of rain, and shows that air is identical with ether. ^68:2 Cf. II, 8. ^69:1 If we read suvarnagyotih. The commentator reads suvar na gyotih. i.e. the light is like the sun. ^69:2 After the Anukramani follows the same invocation as in the beginning of the third Valli, 'May it protect us both,' &c. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 70] [p. 71] [p. 72] [p. 73] BRIHADARANYAKA-UPANISHAD. FIRST ADHYAYA [*1]. FIRST BRAHMANA. 1. Verily [*2] the dawn is the head of the horse which is fit for sacrifice, the sun its eye, the wind its breath, the mouth the Vaisvanara [*3] fire, the year the body of the sacrificial horse. Heaven is the back, the sky the belly, the earth the chest [*4], the quarters the two sides, the intermediate quarters the ribs, the members the seasons, the joints the months and half-months, the feet days and nights, the bones the stars, the [p. 74] flesh the clouds. The half-digested food is the sand, the rivers the bowels [*1], the liver and the lungs [*2] the mountains, the hairs the herbs and trees. As the sun rises, it is the forepart, as it sets, the hindpart of the horse. When the horse shakes itself [*3], then it lightens; when it kicks, it thunders; when it makes water, it rains; voice [*4] is its voice. 2. Verily Day arose after the horse as the (golden) vessel [*5], called Mahiman (greatness), which (at the sacrifice) is placed before the horse. Its place is in the Eastern sea. The Night arose after the horse as the (silver) vessel, called Mahiman, which (at the sacrifice) is placed behind the horse. Its place is in the Western sea. Verily, these two vessels (or greatnesses) arose to be on each side of the horse. As a racer he carried the Devas, as a stallion the Gandharvas, as a runner the Asuras, as a horse men. The sea is its kin, the sea is its birthplace. Footnotes ^73:1 It is the third Adhyaya of the Aranyaka, but the first of the Upanishad. ^73:2 This Brahmana is found in the Madhyandina text of the Satapatha, ed. Weber, X, 6, 4. Its object is there explained by the commentary to be the meditative worship of Virag, as represented metaphorically in the members of the horse. Sayana dispenses with its explanation, because, as part of the Brihadaranyaka-upanishad, according to the Kanva-sakha, it had been enlarged on by the Varttikakara and explained. ^73:3 Agni or fire, as pervading everything, as universally present in nature. ^73:4 Pagasya is doubtful. The commentator suggests pad-asya, the place of the feet, i.e. the hoof The Greek Pegasos, or ippoi peloi, throws no light on the word. The meaning of hoof would hardly be appropriate here, and I prefer chest on account of uras in I, 2, 3. Deussen (Vedanta, p. 8) translates, die Erde seiner Fusse Schemel; but we want some part of the horse. ^74:1 Guda, being in the plural, is explained by nadi, channel, and sirah; for we ought to read sira or hiragrahane for sira, p. 22, l. 16. ^74:2 Klomanah is explained as a plurale tantum (nityam bahuvakanam ekasmin), and being described as a lump below the heart, on the opposite side of the liver, it is supposed to be the lungs. ^74:3 'When it yawns.' Anandagiri. ^74:4 Voice is sometimes used as a personified power of thunder and other aerial sounds, and this is identified with the voice of the horse. ^74:5 Two vessels, to hold the sacrificial libations, are placed at the Asvamedha before and behind the horse, the former made of gold, the latter made of silver. They are called Mahiman in the technical language of the ceremonial. The place in which these vessels are set, is called their yoni. Cf. Vagas. Samhita XXIII, 2. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND BRAHMANA [*6]. 1. In the beginning there was nothing (to be perceived) [p. 75] here whatsoever. By Death indeed all this was concealed,--by hunger; for death is hunger. Death (the first being) thought, 'Let me have a body.' Then he moved about, worshipping. From him thus worshipping water was produced. And he said: 'Verily, there appeared to me, while I worshipped (arkate), water (ka).' This is why water is called ar-ka [*1]. Surely there is water (or pleasure) for him who thus knows the reason why water is called arka. 2. Verily water is arka. And what was there as the froth of the water, that was hardened, and became the earth. On that earth he (Death) rested, and from him, thus resting and heated, Agni (Virag) proceeded, full of light. 3. That being divided itself threefold, Aditya (the sun) as the third, and Vayu (the air) as the third [*2]. That spirit (prana) [*3] became threefold. The head was the Eastern quarter, and the arms this and that quarter [p. 76] [paragraph continues] (i. e. the N. E. and S. E., on the left and right sides). Then the tail was the Western quarter, and the two legs this and that quarter (i. e. the N. W. and S. W.) The sides were the Southern and Northern quarters, the back heaven, the belly the sky, the dust the earth. Thus he (Mrityu, as arka) stands firm in the water, and he who knows this stands firm wherever he goes. 4. He desired [*1], 'Let a second body be born of me,' and he (Death or Hunger) embraced Speech in his mind. Then the seed became the year. Before that time there was no year. Speech [*2] bore him so long as a year, and after that time sent him forth. Then when he was born, he (Death) opened his mouth, as if to swallow him. He cried Bhan! and that became speech [*3]. 5. He thought, 'If I kill him, I shall have but little food.' He therefore brought forth by that speech and by that body (the year) all whatsoever exists, the Rik, the Yagus, the Saman, the metres, the sacrifices, men, and animals. And whatever he (Death) brought forth, that he resolved to eat (ad). Verily because he eats everything, therefore is Aditi (Death) called Aditi. He who thus knows why Aditi is called Aditi, becomes an eater of everything, and everything becomes his food [*4]. [p. 77] 6. He desired to sacrifice again with a greater sacrifice. He toiled and performed penance. And while he toiled and performed penance, glorious power [*1] went out of him. Verily glorious power means the senses (prana). Then when the senses had gone out, the body took to swelling (sva-yitum), and mind was in the body. 7. He desired that this body should be fit for sacrifice (medhya), and that he should be embodied by it. Then he became a horse (asva), because it swelled (asvat), and was fit for sacrifice (medhya); and this is why the horse-sacrifice is called Asva-medha. Verily he who knows him thus, knows the Asvamedha. Then, letting the horse free, he thought [*2], and at the end of a year he offered it up for himself, while he gave up the (other) animals to the deities. Therefore the sacrificers offered up the purified horse belonging to Pragapati, (as dedicated) to all the deities. Verily the shining sun is the Asvamedha-sacrifice, and his body is the year; Agni is the sacrificial fire (arka), and these worlds are his bodies. These two are the sacrificial fire and the Asvamedha-sacrifice, and they are again one deity, viz. Death. He (who knows this) overcomes another death, death does not reach him, death is his Self, he becomes one of those deities. [p. 78] THIRD BRAHMANA [*1]. 1. There were two kinds of descendants of Pragapati, the Devas and the Asuras [*2]. Now the Devas were indeed the younger, the Asuras the elder ones [*3]. The Devas, who were struggling in these worlds, said: 'Well, let us overcome the Asuras at the sacrifices (the Gyotishtoma) by means of the udgitha.' 2. They said to speech (Vak): 'Do thou sing out for us (the udgitha).' 'Yes,' said speech, and sang (the udgitha). Whatever delight there is in speech, that she obtained for the Devas by singing (the three pavamanas); but that she pronounced well (in the other nine pavamanas), that was for herself. The Asuras knew: 'Verily, through this singer they will overcome us.' They therefore rushed at the singer and pierced her with evil. That evil which consists in saying what is bad, that is that evil. 3. Then they (the Devas) said to breath (scent): 'Do thou sing out for us.' 'Yes,' said breath, and sang. Whatever delight there is in breath (smell), that he obtained for the Devas by singing; but that he smelled well, that was for himself. The Asuras knew: 'Verily, through this singer they will overcome us.' They therefore rushed at the singer, and [p. 79] pierced him with evil. That evil which consists in smelling what is bad, that is that evil. 4. Then they said to the eye: 'Do thou sing out for us.' 'Yes,' said the eye, and sang. Whatever delight there is in the eye, that he obtained for the Devas by singing; but that he saw well, that was for himself The Asuras knew: 'Verily, through this singer they will overcome us.' They therefore rushed at the singer, and pierced him with evil. That evil which consists in seeing what is bad, that is that evil. 5. Then they said to the ear: 'Do thou sing out for us.' 'Yes,' said the ear, and sang. Whatever delight there is in the ear, that he obtained for the Devas by singing; but that he heard well, that was for himself. The Asuras knew: 'Verily, through this singer they will overcome us.' They therefore rushed at the singer, and pierced him with evil. That evil which consists in hearing what is bad, that is that evil. 6. Then they said to the mind: 'Do thou sing out for us.' 'Yes,' said the mind, and sang. Whatever delight there is in the mind, that he obtained for the Devas by singing; but that he thought well, that was for himself. The Asuras knew: 'Verily, through this singer they will overcome us.' They therefore rushed at the singer, and pierced him with evil. That evil which consists in thinking what is bad, that is that evil. Thus they overwhelmed these deities with evils, thus they pierced them with evil. 7. Then they said to the breath in the mouth [*1]: 'Do thou sing for us.' 'Yes,' said the breath, and sang. The Asuras knew: 'Verily, through this singer [p. 80] they will overcome us.' They therefore rushed at him and pierced him with evil. Now as a ball of earth will be scattered when hitting a stone, thus they perished, scattered in all directions. Hence the Devas rose, the Asuras fell. He who knows this, rises by his self, and the enemy who hates him falls. 8. Then they (the Devas) said: 'Where was he then who thus stuck to us [*1]?' It was (the breath) within the mouth (asye 'ntar [*2]), and therefore called Ayasya; he was the sap (rasa) of the limbs (anga), and therefore called Angirasa. 9. That deity was called Dur, because Death was far (duran) from it. From him who knows this, Death is far off. 10. That deity, after having taken away the evil of those deities, viz. death, sent it to where the end of the quarters of the earth is. There he deposited their sins. Therefore let no one go to a man, let no one go to the end (of the quarters of the earth [*3]), that he may not meet there with evil, with death. 11. That deity, after having taken away the evil of those deities, viz. death, carried them beyond death. 12. He carried speech across first. When speech had become freed from death, it became (what it had been before) Agni (fire). That Agni, after having stepped beyond death, shines. 13. Then he carried breath (scent) across. When breath had become freed from death, it became [p. 81] [paragraph continues] Vayu (air). That Vayu, after having stepped beyond death, blows. 14. Then he carried the eye across. When the eye had become freed from death, it became Aditya (the sun). That Aditya, after having stepped beyond death, burns. 15. Then he carried the ear across. When the ear had become freed from death, it became the quarters (space). These are our quarters (space), which have stepped beyond death. 16. Then he carried the mind across. When the mind had become freed from death, it became the moon (Kandramas). That moon, after having stepped beyond death, shines. Thus does that deity carry him, who knows this, across death. 17. Then breath (vital), by singing, obtained for himself eatable food. For whatever food is eaten, is eaten by breath alone, and in it breath rests [*1]. The Devas said: 'Verily, thus far, whatever food there is, thou hast by singing acquired it for thyself. Now therefore give us a share in that food.' He said: 'You there, enter into me.' They said Yes, and entered all into him. Therefore whatever food is eaten by breath, by it the other senses are satisfied. 18. If a man knows this, then his own relations come to him in the same manner; he becomes their supporter, their chief leader, their strong ruler [*2]. And if ever anyone tries to oppose [*3] one who is possessed of such knowledge among his own relatives, then he [p. 82] will not be able to support his own belongings. But he who follows the man who is possessed of such knowledge, and who with his permission wishes to support those whom he has to support, he indeed will be able to support his own belongings. 19. He was called Ayasya Angirasa, for he is the sap (rasa) of the limbs (anga). Verily, breath is the sap of the limbs. Yes, breath is the sap of the limbs. Therefore from whatever limb breath goes away, that limb withers, for breath verily is the sap of the limbs. 20. He (breath) is also Brihaspati, for speech is Brihati (Rig-veda), and he is her lord; therefore he is Brihaspati. 2 1. He (breath) is also Brahmanaspati, for speech is Brahman (Yagur-veda), and he is her lord; therefore he is Brahmanaspati. He (breath) is also Saman (the Udgitha), for speech is Saman (Sama-veda), and that is both speech (sa) and breath (ama) [*1]. This is why Saman is called Saman. 22. Or because he is equal (sama) to a grub, equal to a gnat, equal to an elephant, equal to these three worlds, nay, equal to this universe, therefore he is Saman. He who thus knows this Saman, obtains union and oneness with Saman. 23. He (breath) is Udgitha [*2]. Breath verily is Ut, for by breath this universe is upheld (uttabdha); and speech is Githa, song. And because he is ut and githa, therefore he (breath) is Udgitha. [p. 83] 24. And thus Brahmadatta Kaikitaneya (the grandson of Kikitana), while taking Soma (ragan), said: 'May this Soma strike my head off, if Ayasya Angirasa sang another Udgitha than this. He sang it indeed as speech and breath.' 25. He who knows what is the property of this Saman, obtains property. Now verily its property is tone only. Therefore let a priest, who is going to perform the sacrificial work of a Sama-singer, desire that his voice may have a good tone, and let him perform the sacrifice with a voice that is in good tone. Therefore people (who want a priest) for a sacrifice, look out for one who possesses a good voice, as for one who possesses property. He who thus knows what is the property of that Saman, obtains property. 26. He who knows what is the gold of that Saman, obtains gold. Now verily its gold. is tone only. He who thus knows what is the gold of that Saman, obtains gold. 27. He who knows what is the support of that Saman, he is supported. Now verily its support is speech only. For, as supported in speech, that breath is sung as that Saman. Some say the support is in food. Next follows the Abhyaroha [*1] (the ascension) of the Pavamana verses. Verily the Prastotri begins to sing the Saman, and when he begins, then let him (the sacrificer) recite these (three Yagus-verses): 'Lead me from the unreal to the real! Lead me [p. 84] from darkness to light! Lead me from death to immortality!' Now when he says, 'Lead me from the unreal to the real,' the unreal is verily death, the real immortality. He therefore says, 'Lead me from death to immortality, make me immortal.' When he says, 'Lead me from darkness to light,' darkness is verily death, light immortality. He therefore says, 'Lead me from death to immortality, make me immortal.' When he says, 'Lead me from death to immortality,' there is nothing there, as it were, hidden (obscure, requiring explanation) [*1]. 28. Next come the other Stotras with which the priest may obtain food for himself by singing them. Therefore let the sacrificer, while these Stotras are being sung, ask for a boon, whatever desire he may desire. An Udgatri priest who knows this obtains by his singing whatever desire he may desire either for himself or for the sacrificer. This (knowledge) indeed is called the conqueror of the worlds. He who thus knows this Saman [*2], for him there is no fear of his not being admitted to the worlds [*3]. Footnotes ^74:6 Called the Agni-brahmana, and intended to teach the origin of [p. 75] Agni, the fire, which is here used for the Horse-sacrifice. It is found in the Satapatha-brahmana, Madhyandina-sakha X, 6, 5, and there explained as a description of Hiranyagarbha. ^75:1 We ought to read arkasyarkatvam, as in Poley's edition, or ark-kasyarkkatvam, to make the etymology still clearer. The commentator takes arka in the sense of fire, more especially the sacrificial fire employed at the Horse-sacrifice. It may be so, but the more natural interpretation seems to me to take arka here as water, from which indirectly fire is produced. From water springs the earth; on that earth he (Mrityu or Pragapati) rested, and from him, while resting there, fire (Virag) was produced. That fire assumed three forms, fire, sun, and air, and in that threefold form it is called prana, spirit. ^75:2 As Agni, Vayu, and Aditya. ^75:3 Here Agni (Virag) is taken as representing the fire of the altar at the Horse-sacrifice, which is called Arka. The object of the whole Brahmana was to show the origin and true character of that fire (arka). ^76:1 He is the same as what was before called mrityu, death, who, after becoming self-conscious, produced water, earth, fire, &c. He now wishes for a second body, which is the year, or the annual sacrifice, the year being dependent on the sun (Aditya). ^76:2 The commentator understands the father, instead of Speech, the mother. ^76:3 The interjectional theory. ^76:4 All these are merely fanciful etymologies of asvamedha and arka. ^77:1 Or glory (senses) and power. Comm. ^77:2 He considered himself as the horse. Roer. ^78:1 Called the Udgitha-brahmana. In the Madhyandina-sakha, the Upanishad, which consists of six adhyayas, begins with this Brahmana (cf. Weber's edition, p. 104 7; Commentary, p. 1109). ^78:2 The Devas and Asuras are explained by the commentator as the senses, inclining either to sacred or to worldly objects, to good or evil. ^78:3 According to the commentator, the Devas were the less numerous and less strong, the Asuras the more numerous and more powerful. ^79:1 This is the chief or vital breath, sometimes called mukhya. ^80:1 Asakta from sang, to embrace; cf. Rig-veda I, 33, 3. Here it corresponds to the German anhanglich. ^80:2 See Deussen, Vedanta, p. 359. ^80:3 To distant people. ^81:1 This is done by the last nine Pavamanas, while the first three were used for obtaining the reward common to all the pranas. ^81:2 Here annada is well explained by anamayavin, and vyadhirahita, free from sickness, strong. ^81:3 Read pratipratih; see Poley, and Weber, p. 1180. ^82:1 Cf. Khand. Up. V, 2, 6. ^82:2 Not used here in the sense of song or hymn, but as an act of worship connected with the Saman. Comm. ^83:1 The ascension is a ceremony by which the performer reaches the gods, or becomes a god. It consists in the recitation of three Yagus, and is here enjoined to take place when the Prastotri priest begins to sing his hymn. ^84:1 See Deussen, Vedanta, p. 86. ^84:2 He knows that he is the Prana, which Prana is the Saman. That Prana cannot be defeated by the Asuras, i.e. by the senses which are addicted to evil; it is pure, and the five senses finding refuge in him, recover there their original nature, fire, &c. The Prana is the Self of all things, also of speech (Rig-yaguh-samodgitha), and of the Saman that has to be sung and well sung. The Prana pervades all creatures, and he who identifies himself with that Prana, obtains the rewards mentioned in the Brahmana. Comm. ^84:3 In connection with lokagit, lokyata is here explained, and may probably have been intended, as worthiness to be admitted to the highest world. Originally lokyata and alokyata meant right and wrong. See also I, 5, 17. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 85] FOURTH BRAHMANA [*1]. 1. In the beginning this was Self alone, in the shape of a person (purusha). He looking round saw nothing but his Self. He first said, 'This is I;' therefore he became I by name. Therefore even now, if a man is asked, he first says, 'This is I,' and then pronounces the other name which he may have. And because before (purva) all this, he (the Self) burnt down (ush) all evils, therefore he was a person (pur-usha). Verily he who knows this, burns down every one who tries to be before him. 2. He feared, and therefore any one who is lonely fears. He thought, 'As there is nothing but myself, why should I fear?' Thence his fear passed away. For what should he have feared? Verily fear arises from a second only. 3. But he felt no delight. Therefore a man who is lonely feels no delight. He wished for a second. He was so large as man and wife together. He then made this his Self to fall in two (pat), and thence arose husband (pati) and wife (patni). Therefore Yagnavalkya said: 'We two [*2] are thus (each of us) like half a shell [*3].' Therefore the void which was [p. 86] there, is filled by the wife. He embraced her, and men were born. 4. She thought, 'How can he embrace me, after having produced me from himself? I shall hide myself.' She then became a cow, the other became a bull and embraced her, and hence cows were born. The one became a mare, the other a stallion; the one a male ass, the other a female ass. He embraced her, and hence one-hoofed animals were born. The one became a she-goat, the other a he-goat; the one became a ewe [*1], the other a ram. He embraced her, and hence goats and sheep were born. And thus he created everything that exists in pairs, down to the ants. 5. He knew, 'I indeed am this creation, for I created all this.' Hence he became the creation, and he who knows this lives in this his creation. 6. Next he thus produced fire by rubbing. From the mouth, as from the fire-hole, and from the hands he created fire [*2]. Therefore both the mouth and the hands are inside without hair, for the fire-hole is inside without hair. And when they say, 'Sacrifice to this or sacrifice to that god,' each god is but his manifestation, for he is all gods. Now, whatever there is moist, that he created from seed; this is Soma. So far verily is this universe either food or eater. Soma indeed is food, Agni eater. This is the highest creation of Brahman, [p. 87] when he created the gods from his better part [*1], and when he, who was (then) mortal [*2], created the immortals. Therefore it was the highest creation. And he who knows this, lives in this his highest creation. 7. Now all this was then undeveloped. It became developed by form and name, so that one could say, 'He, called so and so, is such a one [*3].' Therefore at present also all this is developed by name and form, so that one can say, 'He, called so and so, is such a one.' He (Brahman or the Self) entered thither, to the very tips of the finger-nails, as a razor might be fitted in a razor-case, or as fire in a fire-place [*4]. He cannot be seen, for, in part only, when breathing, he is breath by name; when speaking, speech by name; when seeing, eye by name; when hearing, ear by name; when thinking, mind by name. All these are but the names of his acts. And he who worships (regards) him as the one or the other, does not know him, for he is apart from this (when qualified) by the one or the other (predicate). Let men worship him as Self, for in the Self all these are one. This Self is the footstep of everything, for through it one knows everything [*5]. And as one can find again by footsteps what was lost, thus he who knows this finds glory and praise. [p. 88] 8. This, which is nearer to us than anything, this Self, is dearer than a son, dearer than wealth, dearer than all else. And if one were to say to one who declares another than the Self dear, that he will lose what is dear to him, very likely it would be so. Let him worship the Self alone as dear. He who worships the Self alone as dear, the object of his love will never perish [*1]. 9. Here they say: 'If men think that by knowledge of Brahman they will become everything, what then did that Brahman know, from whence all this sprang?' 10. Verily in the beginning this was Brahman, that Brahman knew (its) Self only, saying, 'I am Brahman.' From it all this sprang. Thus, whatever Deva was awakened (so as to know Brahman), he indeed became that (Brahman); and the same with Rishis and men. The Rishi Vamadeva saw and understood it, singing, 'I was Manu (moon), I was the sun.' Therefore now also he who thus knows that he is Brahman, becomes all this, and even the Devas cannot prevent it, for he himself is their Self. Now if a man worships another deity, thinking the deity is one and he another, he does not know. He is like a beast for the Devas. For verily, as many beasts nourish a man, thus does every man nourish the Devas. If only one beast is taken away, it is not pleasant; how much more when many are taken! Therefore it is not pleasant to the Devas that men should know this. 11. Verily in the beginning this was Brahman, one [p. 89] only. That being one, was not strong enough. It created still further the most excellent Kshatra (power), viz. those Kshatras (powers) among the Devas,--Indra, Varuna, Soma, Rudra, Parganya, Yama, Mrityu, Isana. Therefore there is nothing beyond the Kshatra, and therefore at the Ragasuya sacrifice the Brahmana sits down below the Kshatriya. He confers that glory on the Kshatra alone. But Brahman is (nevertheless) the birth-place of the Kshatra. Therefore though a king is exalted, he sits down at the end (of the sacrifice) below the Brahman, as his birth-place. He who injures him, injures his own birth-place. He becomes worse, because he has injured one better than himself. 12. He [*1] was not strong enough. He created the Vis (people), the classes of Devas which in their different orders are called Vasus, Rudras, Adityas, Visve Devas, Maruts. 13. He was not strong enough. He created the Sudra colour (caste), as Pushan (as nourisher). This earth verily is Pushan (the nourisher); for the earth nourishes all this whatsoever. 14. He was not strong enough. He created still further the most excellent Law (dharma). Law is the Kshatra (power) of the Kshatra [*2], therefore there is nothing higher than the Law. Thenceforth even a weak man rules a stronger with the help of the Law, as with the help of a king. Thus the Law is what is called the true. And if a man declares what is true, they say he declares the Law; and if he declares the Law, they say he declares what is true. Thus both are the same. [p. 90] 15. There are then this Brahman, Kshatra, Vis, and Sudra. Among the Devas that Brahman existed as Agni (fire) only, among men as Brahmana, as Kshatriya through the (divine) Kshatriya, as Vaisya through the (divine) Vaisya, as Sudra through the (divine) Sudra. Therefore people wish for their future state among the Devas through Agni (the sacrificial fire) only; and among men through the Brahmana, for in these two forms did Brahman exist. Now if a man departs this life without having seen his true future life (in the Self), then that Self, not being known, does not receive and bless him, as if the Veda had not been read, or as if a good work had not been done. Nay, even if one who does not know that (Self), should perform here on earth some great holy work, it will Perish for him in the end. Let a man worship the Self only as his true state. If a man worships the Self only as his true state, his work does not Perish, for whatever he desires that he gets from that Self. 16. Now verily this Self (of the ignorant man) is the world [*1] of all creatures. In so far as man sacrifices and pours out libations, he is the world of the Devas; in so far as he repeats the hymns, &c., he is the world of the Rishis; in so far as he offers cakes to the Fathers and tries to obtain offspring, he is the world of the Fathers; in so far as he gives shelter and food to men, he is the world of men; in so far as he finds fodder and water for the animals, he is the world of the animals; in so far as quadrupeds, birds, and even ants live in his houses, he is their world. And as every one wishes his own world not to be injured, [p. 91] thus all beings wish that he who knows this should not be injured. Verily this is known and has been well reasoned. 17. In the beginning this was Self alone, one only. He desired, 'Let there be a wife for me that I may have offspring, and let there be wealth for me that I may offer sacrifices.' Verily this is the whole desire, and, even if wishing for more, he would not find it. Therefore now also a lonely person desires, 'Let there be a wife for me that I may have offspring, and let there be wealth for me that I may offer sacrifices.' And so long as he does not obtain either of these things, he thinks he is incomplete. Now his completeness (is made up as follows): mind is his self (husband); speech the wife; breath the child; the eye all worldly wealth, for he finds it with the eye; the ear his divine wealth, for he hears it with the ear. The body (atman) is his work, for with the body he works. This is the fivefold [*1] sacrifice, for fivefold is the animal, fivefold man, fivefold all this whatsoever. He who knows this, obtains all this. Footnotes ^85:1 Called Purushavidhabrahmana (Madhyandina-sakha, p. 1050). See Muir, Original Sanskrit Texts, vol. i, p. 24. ^85:2 The Comm. explains svah by atmanah, of himself. But see Boehtlingk, Sanskrit Chrestomathie, p. 357. ^85:3 Roer translates: 'Therefore was this only one half of himself, as a split pea is of a whole.' Brigala is a half of anything. Muir (Orig. Sansk. Texts, vol. i, p. 25) translates: 'Yagnavalkya has said that this one's self is like the half of a split pea.' I have translated the sentence according to Professor Boehtlingk's conjecture (Chrestomathie, 2nd ed. p. 357), though the singular after the dual (svah) is irregular. ^86:1 The reading avir itaro, i.e. itara u, is not found in the Kanva text. See Boehtlingk, Chrestomathie, p. 357. ^86:2 He blew with the mouth while he rubbed with the hands. ^87:1 Or, when he created the best gods. ^87:2 As man and sacrificer. Comm. ^87:3 The Comm. takes asau-nama as a compound, instead of idam-nama. I read asau nama, he is this by name, viz. Devadatta, &c. Dr. Boehtlingk, who in his Chrestomathie (2nd ed. p. 31) had accepted the views of the Commentator, informs me that he has changed his view, and thinks that we should read asau na'ma. ^87:4 Cf. Kaush. Br. Up. VI, 19. ^87:5 As one finds lost cattle again by following their footsteps, thus one finds everything, if one has found out the Self.' Comm. ^88:1 On rudh, to lose, see Taitt. Samh. II, 6, 8, 5, pp. 765, 771, as pointed out by Dr. Boehtlingk. On isvaro (yat) tathaiva syat, see Boehtlingk, s. v. ^89:1 Observe the change from tad, it, to sa, he. ^89:2 More powerful than the Kshatra or warrior caste. Comm. ^90:1 Is enjoyed by them all. Comm. ^91:1 Fivefold, as consisting of mind, speech, breath, eye, and ear. See Taitt. Up. I, 7, 1. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FIFTH BRAHMANA [*2]. 1. 'When the father (of creation) had produced by knowledge and penance (work) the seven kinds of food, one of his (foods) was common to all beings, two he assigned to the Devas, (1) 'Three he made for himself, one he gave to the animals. In it all rests, whatsoever breathes and breathes not. (2) [p. 92] 'Why then do these not perish, though they are always eaten? He who knows this imperishable one, he eats food with his face. (3) 'He goes even to the Devas, he lives on strength.' (4) 2. When it is said, that 'the father produced by knowledge and penance the seven kinds of food,' it is clear that (it was he who) did so. When it is said, that 'one of his (foods) was common,' then that is that common food of his which is eaten. He who worships (eats) that (common food), is not removed from evil, for verily that food is mixed (property) [*1]. When it is said, that 'two he assigned to the Devas,' that is the huta, which is sacrificed in fire, and the prahuta, which is given away at a sacrifice. But they also say, the new-moon and full-moon sacrifices are here intended, and therefore one should not offer them as an ishti or with a wish. When it is said, that 'one he gave to animals,' that is milk. For in the beginning (in their infancy) both men and animals live on milk. And therefore they either make a new-born child lick ghrita (butter), or they make it take the breast. And they call a new-born creature 'atrinada,' i.e. not eating herbs. When it is said, that 'in it all rests, whatsoever breathes and breathes not,' we see that all this, whatsoever breathes and breathes not, rests and depends on milk. And when it is said (in another Brahmana), that a man who sacrifices with milk a whole year [*2], overcomes death again, let him not think so. No, on [p. 93] the very day on which he sacrifices, on that day he overcomes death again; for he who knows this, offers to the gods the entire food (viz. milk). When it is said, 'Why do these not perish, though they are always eaten,' we answer, Verily, the Person is the imperishable, and he produces that food again and again [*1]. When it is said, 'He who knows this imperishable one, I then, verily, the Person is the imperishable one, for he produces this food by repeated thought, and whatever he does not work by his works, that perishes. When it is said, that 'he eats food with his face,' then face means the mouth, he eats it with his mouth. When it is said, that 'he goes even to the Devas, he lives on strength,' that is meant as praise. 3. When it is said, that 'he made three for himself,' that means that he made mind, speech, and breath for himself. As people say, 'My mind was elsewhere, I did not see; my mind was elsewhere, I did not hear,' it is clear that a man sees with his mind and hears with his mind [*2]. Desire, representation, doubt, faith, want of faith, memory [*3], forgetfulness, shame, reflexion, fear, all this is mind. Therefore even if a man is touched on the back, he knows it through the mind. Whatever sound there is, that is speech. Speech indeed is intended for an end or object, it is nothing by itself. [p. 94] The up-breathing, the down-breathing, the back-breathing, the out-breathing, the on-breathing, all that is breathing is breath (prana) only. Verily that Self consists of it; that Self consists of speech, mind, and breath. 4. These are the three worlds: earth is speech, sky mind, heaven breath. 5. These are the three Vedas: the Rig-veda is speech, the Yagur-veda mind, the Sama-veda breath. 6. These are the Devas, Fathers, and men: the Devas are speech, the Fathers mind, men breath. 7. These are father, mother, and child: the father is mind, the mother speech, the child breath. 8. These are what is known, what is to be known, and what is unknown. What is known, has the form of speech, for speech is known. Speech, having become this, protects man [*1]. 9. What is to be known, has the form of mind, for mind is what is to be known. Mind, having become this, protects man. 10. What is unknown, has the form of breath, for breath is unknown. Breath, having become this, protects man [*2]. 11. Of that speech (which is the food of Pragapati) earth is the body, light the form, viz. this fire. And so far as speech extends, so far extends the earth, so far extends fire. 12. Next, of this mind heaven is the body, light the form, viz. this sun. And so far as this mind [p. 95] extends, so far extends heaven, so far extends the sun. If they (fire and sun) embrace each other, then wind is born, and that is Indra, and he is without a, rival. Verily a second is a rival, and he who knows this, has no rival. 13. Next, of this breath water is the body, light the form, viz. this moon. And so far as this breath extends, so far extends water, so far extends the moon. These are all alike, all endless. And he who worships them as finite, obtains a finite world, but he who worships them as infinite, obtains an infinite world. 14. That Pragapati is the year, and he consists of sixteen digits. The nights [*1] indeed are his fifteen digits, the fixed point [*2] his sixteenth digit. He is increased and decreased by the nights. Having on the new-moon night entered with the sixteenth part into everything that has life, he is thence born again in the morning. Therefore let no one cut off the life of any living thing on that night, not even of a lizard, in honour (pugartham) of that deity. 15. Now verily that Pragapati, consisting of sixteen digits, who is the year, is the same as a man who knows this. His wealth constitutes the fifteen digits, his Self the sixteenth digit. He is increased and decreased by that wealth. His Self is the nave, his wealth the felly. Therefore even if he loses everything, if he lives but with his Self, people say, he lost the felly (which can be restored again). 16. Next there are verily three worlds, the world of men, the world of the Fathers, the world of the Devas. The world of men can be gained by a son [p. 96] only, not by any other work. By sacrifice the world of the Fathers, by knowledge the world of the Devas is gained. The world of the Devas is the best of worlds, therefore they praise knowledge. 17. Next follows the handing over. When a man thinks he is going to depart, he says to his son: 'Thou art Brahman (the Veda, so far as acquired by the father); thou art the sacrifice (so far as performed by the father); thou art the world.' The son answers: 'I am Brahman, I am the sacrifice, I am the world.' Whatever has been learnt (by the father) that, taken as one, is Brahman. Whatever sacrifices there are, they, taken as one, are the sacrifice. Whatever worlds there are, they, taken as one, are the world. Verily here ends this (what has to be done by a father, viz. study, sacrifice, &c.) 'He (the son), being all this, preserved me from this world [*1],' thus he thinks. Therefore they call a son who is instructed (to do all this), a world-son (lokya), and therefore they instruct him. When a father who knows this, departs this world, then he enters into his son together with his own spirits (with speech, mind, and breath). If there is anything done amiss by the father, of all that the son delivers him, and therefore he is called Putra, son [*2]. By help of his son the father stands firm in this world [*3]. Then these divine immortal spirits (speech, mind, and breath) enter into him. [p. 97] 18. From the earth and from fire, divine speech enters into him. And verily that is divine speech whereby, whatever he says, comes to be. 19. From heaven and the sun, divine mind enters into him. And verily that is divine mind whereby he becomes joyful, and grieves no more. 20. From water and the moon, divine breath (spirit) enters into him. And verily that is divine breath which, whether moving or not moving, does not tire, and therefore does not perish. He who knows this, becomes the Self of all beings. As that deity (Hiranyagarbha) is, so does he become. And as all beings honour that deity (with sacrifice, &c.), so do all beings honour him who knows this. Whatever grief these creatures suffer, that is all one [*1] (and therefore disappears). Only what is good approaches him; verily, evil does not approach the Devas. 21. Next follows the consideration of the observances [*2] (acts). Pragapati created the actions (active senses). When they had been created, they strove among themselves. Voice held, I shall speak; the eye held, I shall see; the ear held, I shall hear; and thus the other actions too, each according to its own act. Death, having become weariness, took them and seized them. Having seized them, death held them back (from their work). Therefore speech grows weary, the eye grows weary, the ear grows weary. But death did not seize the central breath. Then the others tried to know him, and [p. 98] said: 'Verily, he is the best of us, he who, whether moving or not, does not tire and does not perish. Well, let all of us assume his form.' Thereupon they all assumed his form, and therefore they are called after him 'breaths' (spirits). In whatever family there is a man who knows this, they call that family after his name. And he who strives with one who knows this, withers away and finally dies. So far with regard to the body. 22. Now with regard to the deities. Agni (fire) held, I shall burn; Aditya (the sun) held, I shall warm; Kandramas (the moon) held, I shall shine; and thus also the other deities, each according to the deity. And as it was with the central breath among the breaths, so it was with Vayu, the wind among those deities. The other deities fade, not Vayu. Vayu is the deity that never sets. 23. And here there is this Sloka: 'He from whom the sun rises, and into whom it sets' (he verily rises from the breath, and sets in the breath) 'Him the Devas made the law, he only is to-day, and he to-morrow also' (whatever these Devas determined then, that they perform to-day also [*1]). Therefore let a man perform one observance only, let him breathe up and let him breathe down, that the evil death may not reach him. And when he performs it, let him try to finish it. Then he obtains through it union and oneness with that deity (with prana). Footnotes ^91:2 Madhyandina text, p. 1054. ^92:1 It belongs to all beings. ^92:2 This would imply 360 sacrificial days, each with two oblations, i.e. 720 oblations. ^93:1 Those who enjoy the food, become themselves creators. Comm. ^93:2 See Deussen, Vedanta, p. 358. ^93:3 Firmness, strength. Comm. ^94:1 'The food (speech), having become known, can be consumed.' Comm. ^94:2 This was adhibhautika, with reference to bhutas, beings. Next follows the adhidaivika, with reference to the devas, gods. Comm. ^95:1 Meant for nychthemera. ^95:2 When he is just invisible at the new moon. ^96:1 Roer seems to have read samnaya, 'all this multitude.' I read, etan mi sarvam sann ayam ito 'bhunagad iti. ^96:2 The Comm. derives putra from pu (pur), to fill, and tra (tra), to deliver, a deliverer who fills the holes left by the father, a stopgap. Others derive it from put, a hell, and tri, to protect; cf. Manu IX, 138. ^96:3 'The manushya-loka, not the pitri-loka and deva-loka.' Comm. ^97:1 'Individuals suffer, because one causes grief to another. But in the universal soul, where all individuals are one, their sufferings are neutralised.' Comm. ^97:2 The upasana or meditative worship. ^98:1 The prana-vrata and vayu-vrata. Comm. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 99] SIXTH BRAHMANA [*1]. 1. Verily this is a triad, name, form, and work. Of these names, that which is called Speech is the Uktha (hymn, supposed to mean also origin), for from it all names arise. It is their Saman (song, supposed to mean also sameness), for it is the same as all names. It is their Brahman (prayer, supposed to mean also support), for it supports all names. 2. Next, of the forms, that which is called Eye is the Uktha (hymn), for from it all forms arise. It is their Saman (song), for it is the same as all forms. It is their Brahman (prayer), for it supports all forms. 3. Next, of the works, that which is called Body is the Uktha (hymn), for from it all works arise. It is their Saman (song), for it is the same as all works. It is their Brahman (prayer), for it supports all works. That being a triad is one, viz. this Self; and the Self, being one, is that triad. This is the immortal, covered by the true. Verily breath is the immortal, name and form are the true, and by them the immortal is covered. Footnotes ^99:1 Madhyandina text, p. 1058. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 100] SECOND ADHYAYA [*1]. FIRST BRAHMANA [*2]. 1. There [*3] was formerly the proud Gargya Balaki [*4], a man of great reading. He said to Agatasatru of Kasi, 'Shall I tell you Brahman?' Agatasatru said: 'We give a thousand (cows) for that speech (of yours), for verily all people run away, saying, Ganaka (the king of Mithila) is our father (patron) [*5].' 2. Gargya said: 'The person that is in the sun [*6], that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him [p. 101] verily as the supreme, the head of all beings, the king. Whoso adores him thus, becomes Supreme, the head of all beings, a king.' 3. Gargya said: 'The person that is in the moon (and in the mind), that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him verily as the great, clad in white raiment, as Soma, the king.' Whoso adores him thus, Soma is poured out and poured forth for him day by day, and his food does not fail [*1]. 4. Gargya said: 'The person that is in the lightning (and in the heart), that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him verily as the luminous.' Whoso adores him thus, becomes luminous, and his offspring becomes luminous. 5. Gargya said: 'The person that is in the ether (and in the ether of the heart), that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him as what is full, and quiescent.' Whoso adores him thus, becomes filled with offspring and cattle, and his offspring does not cease from this world. 6. Gargya said: 'The person that is in the wind (and in the breath), that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him as Indra Vaikuntha, as the unconquerable army (of the Maruts).' Whoso adores him thus, becomes victorious, unconquerable, conquering his enemies. [p. 102] 7. Gargya said: 'The person that is in the fire (and in the heart), that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him as powerful.' Whoso adores him thus, becomes powerful, and his offspring becomes powerful. 8. Gargya said: 'The person that is in the water (in seed, and in the heart), that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him as likeness.' Whoso adores him thus, to him comes what is likely (or proper), not what is improper; what is born from him, is like unto him [*1]. 9. Gargya said: 'The person that is in the mirror, that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him verily as the brilliant.' Whoso adores him thus, he becomes brilliant, his offspring becomes brilliant, and with whomsoever he comes together, he outshines them. 10. Gargya said: 'The sound that follows a man while he moves, that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him verily as life.' Whoso adores him thus, he reaches his full age in this world, breath does not leave him before the time. 11. Gargya said: 'The person that is in space, that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him verily as the second who never leaves us.' [p. 103] Whoso adores him thus, becomes possessed of a second, his party is not cut off from him, 12. Gargya said: 'The person that consists of the shadow, that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him verily as death.' Whoso adores him thus, he reaches his whole age in this world, death does not approach him before the time. 13. Gargya said: 'The person that is in the body [*1], that I adore as Brahman.' Agatasatru said to him: 'No, no! Do not speak to me on this. I adore him verily as embodied.' Whoso adores him thus, becomes embodied, and his offspring becomes embodied [*2]. Then Gargya became silent. 14. Agatasatru said: 'Thus far only?' 'Thus far only,' he replied. Agatasatru said: 'This does not suffice to know it (the true Brahman).' Gargya replied: 'Then let me come to you, as a pupil.' 15. Agatasatru said: 'Verily, it is unnatural that a Brahmana should come to a Kshatriya, hoping that he should tell him the Brahman. However, I shall make you know him clearly,' thus saying he took him by the hand and rose. And the two together came to a person who was asleep. He called him by these names, 'Thou, great one, clad in white raiment, Soma, King [*3].' He [p. 104] did not rise. Then rubbing him with his hand, he woke him, and he arose. 16. Agatasatru said: 'When this man was thus asleep, where was then the person (purusha), the intelligent? and from whence did he thus come back?' Gargya did not know this? 17. Agatasatru said: 'When this man was thus asleep, then the intelligent person (purusha), having through the intelligence of the senses (pranas) absorbed within himself all intelligence, lies in the ether, which is in the heart [*1]. When he takes in these different kinds of intelligence, then it is said that the man sleeps (svapiti) [*2]. Then the breath is kept in, speech is kept in, the ear is kept in, the eye is kept in, the mind is kept in. 18. But when he moves about in sleep (and dream), then these are his worlds. He is, as it were, a great king; he is, as it were, a great Brahmana; he rises, as it were, and he falls. And as a great king might keep in his own subjects, and move about, according to his pleasure, within his own domain, thus does that person (who is endowed with intelligence) keep in the various senses (pranas) and move about, according to his pleasure, within his own body (while dreaming). 19. Next, when he is in profound sleep, and knows [p. 105] nothing, there are the seventy-two thousand arteries called Hita, which from the heart spread through the body [*1]. Through them he moves forth and rests in the surrounding body. And as a young man, or a great king, or a great Brahmana, having reached the summit of happiness, might rest, so does he then rest. 20. As the spider comes out with its thread, or as small sparks come forth from fire, thus do all senses, all worlds, all Devas, all beings come forth from that Self The Upanishad (the true name and doctrine) of that Self is 'the True of the True.' Verily the senses are the true, and he is the true of the true. Footnotes ^100:1 Madhyandina text, p. 1058. ^100:2 Whatever has been taught to the end of the third (according to the counting of the Upanishad, the first) Adhyaya, refers to avidya, ignorance. Now, however, vidya, the highest knowledge, is to be taught, and this is done, first of all, by a dialogue between Gargya Driptabalaki and king Agatasatru, the former, though a Brahmana, representing the imperfect, the latter, though a Kshatriya, the perfect knowledge of Brahman. While Gargya worships the Brahman as the sun, the moon, &c., as limited, as active and passive, Agatasatru knows the Brahman as the Self. ^100:3 Compare with this the fourth Adhyaya of the Kaushitaki-upanishad, Sacred Books of the East, vol. i, p. 300; Gough, Philosophy of the Upanishads, p. 144. ^100:4 Son of Balaka, of the race of the Gargyas. ^100:5 Ganaka, known as a wise and liberal king. There is a play on his name, which means father, and is understood in the sense of patron, or of teacher of wisdom. The meaning is obscure; and in the Kaush. Up. IV. i, the construction is still more difficult. What is intended seems to be that Agatasatru is willing to offer any reward to a really wise man, because all the wise men are running after Ganaka and settling at his court. ^100:6 The commentator expatiates on all these answers and brings them more into harmony with Vedanta doctrines. Thus he adds that the person in the sun is at the same time the person in the eye, who is both active and passive in the heart, &c. ^101:1 We miss the annasyatma, the Self of food, mentioned in the Kaush. Up., and evidently referred to in the last sentence of our paragraph. Suta and prasuta, poured out and poured forth, are explained as referring to the principal and the secondary sacrifices. ^102:1 Here the Kaush. Up. has the Self of the name, instead of pratirupa, likeness. The commentator thinks that they both mean the same thing, because a name is the likeness of a thing. Another text of the Kaush. Up. gives here the Self of light. Pratirupa in the sense of likeness comes in later in the Kaush. Up., section 11. ^103:1 'In the Atman, in Pragapati, in the Buddhi, and in the heart.' Comm. ^103:2 It is difficult to know what is meant here by atman and atmanvin. In the Kaush. Up. Agatasatru refers to Pragapati, and the commentator here does the same, adding, however, buddhi and hrid. Gough translates atmanvin by 'having peace of mind.' Deussen, p. 195, passes it over. ^103:3 These names are given here as they occur in the Kaushitaki-upanishad, not as in the Brihadaranyaka-upanishad, where the [p. 104] first name was atishthah sarvesham bhutanam murdha raga. This throws an important light on the composition of the Upanishads. ^104:1 The ether in the heart is meant for the real Self. He has come to himself, to his Self, i.e. to the true Brahman. ^104:2 Svapiti, he sleeps, is explained as sva, his own Self, and apiti for apyeti, he goes towards, so that 'he sleeps' must be interpreted as meaning 'he comes to his Self.' In another passage it is explained by svam apito bhavati. See Sankara's Commentary on the Brih. Ar. Up. vol. i, p. 372. ^105:1 'Not the pericardium only, but the whole body.' Comm. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND BRAHMANA [*2]. 1. Verily he who knows the babe [*3] with his place [*4], his chamber [*5], his post [*6], and his rope [*7], he keeps off the seven relatives [*8] who hate him. Verily by the young is meant the inner life, by his place this (body) [*9], by his chamber this (head), by his post the vital breath, by his rope the food. 2. Then the seven imperishable ones [*10] approach him. There are the red lines in the eye, and by them Rudra clings to him. There is the water [p. 106] in the eye, and by it Parganya clings to him. There is the pupil, and by it Aditya (sun) clings to him, There is the dark iris, and by it Agni clings to him. There is the white eye-ball, and by it Indra, clings to him. With the lower eye-lash the earth, with the upper eye-lash the heaven clings to him. He who knows this, his food does never perish. 3. On this there is this Sloka: 'There [*1] is a cup having its mouth below and its bottom above. Manifold glory has been placed into it. On its lip sit the seven Rishis, the tongue as the eighth communicates with Brahman.' What is called the cup having its mouth below and its bottom above is this head, for its mouth (the mouth) is below, its bottom (the skull) is above. When it is said that manifold glory has been placed into it, the senses verily are manifold glory, and he therefore means the senses. When he says that the seven Rishis sit on its lip, the Rishis are verily the (active) senses, and he means the senses. And when he says that the tongue as the eighth communicates with Brahman, it is because the tongue, as the eighth, does communicate with Brahman. 4. These two (the two ears) are the Rishis Gautama and Bharadvaga; the right Gautama, the left Bharadvaga. These two (the eyes) are the Rishis Visvamitra and Gamadagni; the right Visvamitra, the left Gamadagni. These two (the nostrils) are the Rishis Vasishtha and Kasyapa; the right Vasishtha, the left Kasyapa. The tongue is Atri, for with the tongue food is eaten, and Atri is meant for Atti, eating. He who knows this, becomes an eater of everything, and everything becomes his food. Footnotes ^105:2 Madhyandina text, p. 1061. ^105:3 The lingatman, or subtle body which has entered this body in five ways. Comm. ^105:4 The body. ^105:5 The head. ^105:6 The vital breath. ^105:7 Food, which binds the subtle to the coarse body. ^105:8 The seven organs of the head through which man perceives and becomes attached to the world. ^105:9 The commentator remarks that while saying this, the body and the head are pointed out by touching them with the hand (panipeshapratibodhanena). ^105:10 See before, I, 5, 1, 2. They are called imperishable, because they produce imperishableness by supplying food for the prana, here called the babe. ^106:1 Cf. Atharva-veda-samh. X, 8, 9. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 107] THIRD BRAHMANA [*1]. 1. There are two forms of Brahman, the material and the immaterial, the mortal and the immortal, the solid and the fluid, sat (being) and tya (that), (i.e. sat-tya, true) [*2]. 2. Everything except air and sky is material, is mortal, is solid, is definite. The essence of that which is material, which is mortal, which is solid, which is definite is the sun that shines, for he is the essence of sat (the definite). 3. But air and sky are immaterial, are immortal, are fluid, are indefinite. The essence of that which is immaterial, which is immortal, which is fluid, which is indefinite is the person in the disk of the sun, for he is the essence of tyad (the indefinite). So far with regard to the Devas. 4. Now with regard to the body. Everything except the breath and the ether within the body is material, is mortal, is solid, is definite. The essence of that which is material, which is mortal, which is solid, which is definite is the Eye, for it is the essence of sat (the definite). 5. But breath and the ether within the body are immaterial, are immortal, are fluid, are indefinite. The essence of that which is immaterial, which is immortal, which is fluid, which is indefinite is the person in the right eye, for he is the essence of tyad (the indefinite). 6. And what is the appearance of that person? Like a saffron-coloured raiment, like white wool, [p. 108] like cochineal, like the flame of fire, like the white lotus, like sudden lightning. He who knows this, his glory is like unto sudden lightning. Next follows the teaching (of Brahman) by No, no [*1]! for there is nothing else higher than this (if one says): 'It is not so.' Then comes the name 'the True of the True,' the senses being the True, and he (the Brahman) the True of them. Footnotes ^107:1 Madhyandina text, p. 1062. ^107:2 Sat is explained by definite, tya or tyad by indefinite. ^108:1 See III, 9, 26; IV, 2,4; IV, 4, 22; IV, 5, I5. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FOURTH BRAHMANA [*2]. 1. Now when Yagnavalkya was going to enter upon another state, he said: 'Maitreyi [*3], verily I am going away from this my house (into the forest [*4]). Forsooth, let me make a settlement between thee and that Katyayani (my other wife).' 2. Maitreyi said: 'My Lord, if this whole earth, full of wealth, belonged to me, tell me, should I be immortal by it [*5]?' [p. 109] 'No,' replied Yagnavalkya; 'like the life of rich people will be thy life. But there is no hope of immortality by wealth.' 3. And Maitreyi said: 'What should I do with that by which I do not become immortal? What my Lord knoweth (of immortality), tell that to me [*1].' 4. Yagnavalkya replied: 'Thou who art truly dear to me, thou speakest dear words [*2]. Come, sit down, I will explain it to thee, and mark well what I say.' 5. And he said: 'Verily, a husband is not dear, that you may love the husband; but that you may love the Self, therefore a husband is dear. 'Verily, a wife is not dear, that you may love the wife; but that you may love the Self, therefore a wife is dear. 'Verily, sons are not dear, that you may love the sons; but that you may love the Self, therefore sons are dear. 'Verily, wealth is not dear, that you may love wealth; but that you may love the Self, therefore wealth is dear [*3]. 'Verily, the Brahman-class is not dear, that you may love the Brahman-class; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Brahman-class is dear. 'Verily, the Kshatra-class is not dear, that you may love the Kshatra-class; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Kshatra-class is dear. 'Verily, the worlds are not dear, that you may love the worlds; but that you may love the Self, therefore the worlds are dear. [p. 110] 'Verily, the Devas are not dear, that you may love the Devas; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Devas are dear [*1]. 'Verily, creatures are not dear, that you may love the creatures; but that you may love the Self, therefore are creatures dear. 'Verily, everything is not dear that you may love everything; but that you may love the Self, therefore everything is dear. 'Verily, the Self is to be seen, to be heard, to be perceived, to be marked, O Maitreyi! When we see, hear, perceive, and know the Self [*2], then all this is known. 6. 'Whosoever looks for the Brahman-class elsewhere than in the Self, was [*3] abandoned by the Brahman-class. Whosoever looks for the Kshatra-class elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the Kshatra-class. Whosoever looks for the worlds elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the worlds. Whosoever looks for the Devas elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the Devas [*4]. Whosoever looks for creatures elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the creatures. Whosoever looks for anything elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by everything. This Brahman-class, this Kshatra-class, these worlds, these Devas [*5], these [*6] creatures, this everything, all is that Self. 7. 'Now as [*7] the sounds of a drum, when beaten, [p. 111] cannot be seized externally (by themselves), but the sound is seized, when the drum is seized or the beater of the drum; 8., And as the sounds of a conch-shell, when blown, cannot be seized externally (by themselves), but the sound is seized, when the shell is seized or the blower of the shell; 9. 'And as the sounds of a lute, when played, cannot be seized externally (by themselves), but the sound is seized, when the lute is seized or the player of the lute; 10. 'As clouds of smoke proceed by themselves out of a lighted fire kindled with damp fuel, thus, verily, O Maitreyi, has been breathed forth from this great Being what we have as Rig-veda, Yagur-veda, Sama-veda, Atharvangirasas, Itihasa (legends), Purana (cosmogonies), Vidya (knowledge), the Upanishads, Slokas (verses), Sutras (prose rules), Anuvyakhyanas (glosses), Vyakhyanas (commentaries) [*1]. From him alone all these were breathed forth. 11. 'As all waters find their centre in the sea, all touches in the skin, all tastes in the tongue, all smells in the nose, all colours in the eye, all sounds in the ear, all percepts in the mind, all knowledge in the heart, all actions in the hands, all movements in the feet, and all the Vedas in speech,-- 12. 'As a lump of salt [*2], when thrown into water, becomes dissolved into water, and could not be taken [p. 112] out again, but wherever we taste (the water) it is salt,--thus verily, O Maitreyi, does this great Being, endless, unlimited, consisting of nothing but knowledge [*1], rise from out these elements, and vanish again in them. When he has departed, there is no more knowledge (name), I say, O Maitreyi.' Thus spoke Yagnavalkya. 13. Then Maitreyi said: 'Here thou hast bewildered me, Sir, when thou sayest that having departed, there is no more knowledge [*2].' But Yagnavalkya replied: 'O Maitreyi, I say nothing that is bewildering. This is enough, O beloved, for wisdom [*3]. 'For when there is as it were duality, then one sees the other, one smells the other, one hears the other [*4], one salutes the other [*5], one perceives the other [*6], one knows the other; but when the Self only is all this, how should he smell another [*7], how should he see [*8] another [*9], how should he hear [*10] another, how should he salute [*11] another, how should he perceive another [*12], how should he know another? How should he know Him by whom he knows all this? [p. 113] [paragraph continues] How, O beloved, should he know (himself), the Knower ?' Footnotes ^108:2 Madhyandina text, p. 1062. To the end of the third Brahmana of the second Adhyaya, all that has been taught does not yet impart the highest knowledge, the identity of the personal and the true Self, the Brahman. In the fourth Brahmana, in which the knowledge of the true Brahman is to be set forth, the Samnyasa, the retiring from the world, is enjoined, when all desires cease, and no duties are to be performed (Samnyasa, parivagya). The story is told again with slight variations in the Brihadaranyaka-upanishad IV, 5. The more important variations, occurring in IV, 5, are added here, marked with B. There are besides the various readings of the Madhyandinasakha of the Satapatha-brahmana. See also Deussen, Vedanta, p. 185. ^108:3 In Brih. Up. IV, 5, the story begins: Yagnavalkya had two wives, Maitreyi and Katyayani. Of these Maitreyi was conversant with Brahman, but Katyayani possessed such knowledge only as women possess. ^108:4 Instead of udyasyan, B. gives pravragishyan, the more technical term. ^108:5 Should I be immortal by it, or no? B. ^109:1 Tell that clearly to me. B. ^109:2 Thou who art dear to me, thou hast increased what is dear (to me in this). B. ^109:3 B. adds, Verily, cattle are not dear, &c. ^110:1 B. inserts, Verily, the Vedas are not dear, &c. ^110:2 When the Self has been seen, heard, perceived, and known. B. ^110:3 The commentator translates, 'should be abandoned.' ^110:4 B. inserts, Whosoever looks for the Vedas, &c. ^110:5 B. adds, these Vedas. ^110:6 B. has, all these creatures. ^110:7 I construe sa yatha with evam vai in section 12, looking upon [p. 111] section 11 as probably a later insertion. The sa is not the pronoun, but a particle, as in sa yadi, sa ket, &c. ^111:1 B. adds, what is sacrificed, what is poured out, food, drink, this world and the other world, and all creatures. ^111:2 See Khand. Up. VI, 13. ^112:1 As a mass of salt has neither inside nor outside, but is altogether a mass of taste, thus indeed has that Self neither inside nor outside, but is altogether a mass of knowledge. B. ^112:2 'Here, Sir, thou hast landed me in utter bewilderment. Indeed, I do not understand him.' B. ^112:3 Verily, beloved, that Self is imperishable, and of an indestructible nature. B. ^112:4 B. inserts, one tastes the other. ^112:5 B. inserts, one hears the other. ^112:6 B. inserts, one touches the other. ^112:7 See, B. ^112:8 Smell, B. ^112:9 B. inserts taste. ^112:10 Salute, B. ^112:11 Hear, B. ^112:12 B. inserts, how should he touch another? The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FIFTH BRAHMANA [*2]. 1. This earth is the honey [*3] (madhu, the effect) of all beings, and all beings are the honey (madhu, the effect) of this earth. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this earth, and that bright immortal person incorporated in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 2. This water is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this water. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this water, and that bright, immortal person, existing as seed in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. [p. 114] 3. This fire is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this fire. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this fire, and that bright, immortal person, existing as speech in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 4. This air is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this air. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this air, and that bright, immortal person existing as breath in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 5. This sun is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this sun. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this sun, and that bright, immortal person existing as the eye in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 6. This space (disah, the quarters) is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this space. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this space, and that bright, immortal person existing as the ear in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 7. This moon is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this moon. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this moon, and that bright, immortal person existing as mind in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 8. This lightning is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this lightning. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this lightning, and [p. 115] that bright, immortal person existing as light in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 9. This thunder [*1] is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this thunder. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this thunder, and that bright, immortal person existing as sound and voice in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 10. This ether is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this ether. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this ether, and that bright, immortal person existing as heart-ether in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 11. This law (dharmah) is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this law. Likewise this bright, immortal person in this law, and that bright, immortal person existing as law in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 12. This true [*2] (satyam) is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this true. Likewise this bright, immortal person in what is true, and that bright, immortal person existing as the true in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 13. This mankind is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this mankind. Likewise [p. 116] this bright, immortal person in mankind, and that bright, immortal person existing as man in the body (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 14. This Self is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this Self Likewise this bright, immortal person in this Self, and that bright, immortal person, the Self (both are madhu). He indeed is the same as that Self, that Immortal, that Brahman, that All. 15. And verily this Self is the lord of all beings, the king of all beings. And as all spokes are contained in the axle and in the felly of a wheel, all beings, and all those selfs (of the earth, water, &c.) are contained in that Self. 16. Verily Dadhyak Atharvana proclaimed this honey (the madhu-vidya) to the two Asvins, and a Rishi, seeing this, said (Rv. I, 116, 12): 'O ye two heroes (Asvins), I make manifest that fearful deed of yours (which you performed) for the sake of gain [*1], like as thunder [*2] makes manifest the rain. The honey (madhu-vidya) which Dadhyak Atharvana proclaimed to you through the head of a horse,' . . . 17. Verily Dadhyak Atharvana [*3] proclaimed this honey to the two Asvins, and a Rishi, seeing this, said (Rv. I, 117, 22): 'O Asvins, you fixed a horse's head on Atharvana Dadhyak, and he, wishing to be true (to his promise), [p. 117] proclaimed to you the honey, both that of Tvashtri [*1] and that which is to be your secret, O ye strong ones. 18. Verily Dadhyak Atharvana proclaimed this honey to the two Asvins, and a Rishi, seeing this, said: 'He (the Lord) made bodies with two feet, he made bodies with four feet. Having first become a bird, he entered the bodies as purusha (as the person).' This very purusha is in all bodies the purisaya, i.e. he who lies in the body (and is therefore called purusha). There is nothing that is not covered by him, nothing that is not filled by him. 19. Verily Dadhyak Atharvana proclaimed this honey to the two Asvins, and a Rishi, seeing this, said (Rv. VI, 47, 18): 'He (the Lord) became like unto every form [*2], and this is meant to reveal the (true) form of him (the Atman). Indra (the Lord) appears multiform through the Mayas (appearances), for his horses (senses) are yoked, hundreds and ten.' This (Atman) is the horses, this (Atman) is the ten, and the thousands, many and endless. This is the Brahman, without cause and without effect, without anything inside or outside; this Self is Brahman, omnipresent and omniscient. This is the teaching (of the Upanishads). Footnotes ^113:1 Instead of the last line, B. adds (IV, 5, 15): That Self is to be described by No, no! He is incomprehensible, for be cannot be comprehended; he is imperishable, for he cannot perish; he is unattached, for he does not attach himself; unfettered, he does not suffer, he does not fail. How, O beloved, should he know the Knower? Thus, O Maitreyi, thou hast been instructed. Thus far goes immortality.' Having said so, Yagnavalkya went away (into the forest). 15. See also Khand. Up. VII, 24, 1. ^113:2 Madhyandina text, p. 1064. ^113:3 Madhu, honey, seems to be taken here as an instance of something which is both cause and effect, or rather of things which are mutually dependent on each other, or cannot exist without one other. As the bees make the honey, and the honey makes or supports the bees, bees and honey are both cause and effect, or at all events are mutually dependent on one other. In the same way the earth and all living beings are looked upon as mutually dependent, living beings presupposing the earth, and the earth presupposing living beings. This at all events seems to be the general idea of what is called the Madhuvidya, the science of honey, which Dadhyak communicated to the Asvins. ^115:1 Stanayitnu, thunder, is explained by the commentator as Parganya. ^115:2 Satyam, the true, the real, not, as it is generally translated, the truth. ^116:1 The translation here follows the commentary. ^116:2 Tanyatu, here explained as Parganya. ^116:3 Sankara distinguishes here between Atharvana and Atharvana, if the text is correct. ^117:1 Sankara explains Tvashtri as the sun, and the sun as the head of the sacrifice which, having been cut off, was to be replaced by the pravargya rite. The knowledge of this rite forms the honey of Tvashtri. The other honey which is to be kept secret is the knowledge of the Self, as taught before in the Madhu-brahmana. ^117:2 He assumed all forms, and such forms, as two-footed or four-footed animals, remained permanent. Comm. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 118] SIXTH BRAHMANA. 1. Now follows the stem [*1]: 1 . Pautimashya from Gaupavana, 2. Gaupavana from Pautimashya, 3. Pautimashya from Gaupavana, 4. Gaupavana from Kausika, 5. Kausika from Kaundinya, 6. Kaundinya from Sandilya, 7. Sandilya from Kausika and Gautama, 8. Gautama 2. from Agnivesya, 9. Agnivesya from Sandilya and Anabhimlata, 10. Sandilya and Anabhimlata from Anabhimlata, 11. Anabhimlata from Anabhimlata, 12. Anabhimlata from Gautama, 13. Gautama from Saitava and Prakinayogya, 14. Saitava and Prakinayogya from Parasarya, 15. Parasarya from Bharadvaga, 16. Bharadvaga from Bharadvaga and Gautama, 17. Gautama from Bharadvaga, [p. 119] 18. Bharadvaga from Parasarya, 19. Parasarya from Vaigavapayana, 20. Vaigavapayana from Kausikayani, 21 [*1]. Kausikayani 3. from Ghritakausika, 22. Ghritakausika from Parasaryayana, 23. Parasaryayana from Parasarya, 24. Parasarya from Gatukarnya [*2], 25. Gatukarnya from Asurayana and Yaska [*3], 26. Asurayana and Yaska from Traivani, 27. Traivani from Aupagandhani, 28. Aupagandhani from Asuri, 29. Asuri from Bharadvaga, 30. Bharadvaga from Atreya, 31. Atreya from Manti, 32. Manti from Gautama, 33, Gautama from Gautama, 34. Gautama from Vatsya, 35. Vatsya from Sandilya, 36. Sandilya from Kaisorya Kapya, 37. Kaisorya Kapya from Kumaraharita, 38. Kumaraharita from Galava, 39. Galava from Vidarbhi-kaundinya, 40. Vidarbhi-kaundinya from Vatsanapat Babhrava, 41. Vatsanapat Babhrava from Pathi Saubhara, 42. Pathi Saubhara from Ayasya Angirasa, 43. Ayasya Angirasa from Abhuti Tvashtra, 44. Abhuti Tvashtra from Visvarupa Tvashtra, 45. Visvarupa Tvashtra from Asvinau, [p. 120] 46. Asvinau from Dadhyak Atharvana, 47. Dadhyak Atharvana from Atharvan Daiva, 48. Atharvan Daiva from Mrityu Pradhvamsana, 49. Mrityu Pradhvamsana from Pradhvamsana, 50. Pradhvamsana from Ekarshi, 51. Ekarshi from Viprakitti [*1], 52. Viprakitti from Vyashti, 53. Vyashti from Sanaru, 54. Sanaru from Sanatana, 55. Sanatana from Sanaga, 56. Sanaga from Parameshthin, 57. Parameshthin from Brahman, 58. Brahman is Svayambhu, self-existent. Adoration to Brahman [*2]. Footnotes ^118:1 The line of teachers and pupils by whom the Madhukanda (the fourth Brahmana) was handed down. The Madhyandina-sakha begins with ourselves, then 1. Saurpanayya, 2. Gautama, 3. Vatsya, 4. Vatsya and Parasarya, 5. Sankritya and Bharadvaga, 6. Audavahi and Sandilya, 7. Vaigavapa and Gautama, 8. Vaigavapayana and Vaishtapureya, 9. Sandilya and Rauhinayana, 10. Saunaka Atreya, and Raibhya, 11. Pautimashyayana and Kaundinyayana: 12. Kaundinya, 13. Kaundinya, 14. Kaundinya and Agnivesya, 15. Saitava, 16. Parasarya, 17. Gatukarnya, 18. Bharadvaga, 19. Bharadvaga, Asurayana, and Gautama, 20. Bharadvaga, 21. Vaigavapayana. Then the same as the Kanvas to Gatukarnya, who learns from Bharadvaga, who learns from Bharadvaga, Asurayana, and Yaska. Then Traivani &c. as in the Kanva-vamsa. ^119:1 From here the Vamsa agrees with the Vamsa at the end of IV, 6. ^119:2 Bharadvaga, in Madhyandina text. ^119:3 Bharadvaga, Asurayana, and Yaska, in Madhyandina text. ^120:1 Vipragitti, in Madhyandina text. ^120:2 Similar genealogies are found Brih. Ar. Up. IV, 6, and VI, 5. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 121] THIRD ADHYAYA. FIRST BRAHMANA [*1]. Adoration to the Highest Self (Paramatman)! 1. Ganaka Vaideha (the king of the Videhas) sacrificed with a sacrifice at which many presents were offered to the priests of (the Asvamedha). Brahmanas of the Kurus and the Pankalas had come thither, and Ganaka Vaideha wished to know, which of those Brahmanas was the best read. So he enclosed a thousand cows, and ten padas (of gold) [*2] were fastened to each pair of horns. 2. And Ganaka spoke to them: 'Ye venerable Brahmanas, he who among you is the wisest, let him drive away these cows.' Then those Brahmanas durst not, but Yagnavalkya said to his pupil: 'Drive them away, my dear.' He replied: 'O glory of the Saman [*3]' and drove them away. The Brahmanas became angry and said: 'How could he call himself the wisest among us?' Now there was Asvala, the Hotri priest of Ganaka Vaideha. He asked him: 'Are you indeed the [p. 122] wisest among us, O Yagnavalkya?' He replied: 'I bow before the wisest (the best knower of Brahman), but I wish indeed to have these cows.' Then Asvala, the Hotri priest, undertook to question him. 1. 'Yagnavalkya, he said, 'everything here (connected with the sacrifice) is reached by death, everything is overcome by death. By what means then is the sacrificer freed beyond the reach of death?' Yagnavalkya said: 'By the Hotri priest, who is Agni (fire), who is speech. For speech is the Hotri of the sacrifice (or the sacrificer), and speech is Agni, and he is the Hotri. This constitutes freedom, and perfect freedom (from death).' 4. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'everything here is reached by day and night, everything is overcome by day and night. By what means then is the sacrificer freed beyond the reach of day and night?' Yagnavalkya said: 'By the Adhvaryu priest, who is the eye, who is Aditya (the sun) [*1]. For the eye is the Adhvaryu of the sacrifice, and the eye is the sun, and he is the Adhvaryu. This constitutes freedom, and perfect freedom.' 5. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'everything here is reached by the waxing and waning of the moon, everything is overcome by the waxing and waning of the moon. By what means then is the sacrificer freed beyond the reach of the waxing and waning of the moon?' Yagnavalkya said: 'By the Udgatri priest, who is Vayu (the wind), who is the breath. For the [p. 123] breath is the Udgatri of the sacrifice, and the breath is the wind, and he is the Udgatri. This constitutes freedom, and perfect freedom.' 6. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'this sky is, as it were, without an ascent (staircase.) By what approach does the sacrificer approach the Svarga world?' Yagnavalkya said: 'By the Brahman priest, who is the mind (manas), who is the moon. For the mind is the Brahman of the sacrifice, and the mind is the moon, and he is the Brahman. This constitutes freedom, and perfect freedom. These are the complete deliverances (from death).' Next follow the achievements. 7. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'how many Rik verses will the Hotri priest employ to-day at this sacrifice?' 'Three,' replied Yagnavalkya. 'And what are these three?' 'Those which are called Puronuvakya, Yagya, and, thirdly, Sasya [*1].' 'What does he gain by them?' 'All whatsoever has breath.' 8. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'how many oblations (ahuti) will the Adhvaryu priest employ to-day at this sacrifice?' 'Three,' replied Yagnavalkya. 'And what are these three?' 'Those which, when offered, flame up; those which, when offered, make an excessive noise; and those which, when offered, sink down [*2].' [p. 124] 'What does he gain by them?' 'By those which, when offered, flame up, he gains the Deva (god) world, for the Deva world flames up, as it were. By those which, when offered, make an excessive noise, he gains the Pitri (father) world, for the Pitri world is excessively (noisy) [*1]. By those which, when offered, sink down, he gains the Manushya (man) world, for the Manushya world is, as it were, down below.' 9. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'with how many deities does the Brahman priest on the right protect to-day this sacrifice?' 'By one,' replied Yagnavalkya. 'And which is it?' 'The mind alone; for the mind is endless, and the Visvedevas are endless, and he thereby gains the endless world.' 10. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'how many Stotriya hymns will the Udgatri priest employ to-day at this sacrifice?' 'Three,' replied Yagnavalkya. 'And what are these three?' 'Those which are called Puronuvakya, Yagya, and, thirdly, Sasya.' 'And what are these with regard to the body (adhyatmam)?' 'The Puronuvakya is Prana (up-breathing), the Yagya the Apana (down-breathing), the Sasya the Vyana (back-breathing).' [p. 125] 'What does he gain by them?' 'He gains the earth by the Puronuvakya, the sky by the Yagya, heaven by the Sasya.' After that Asvala held his peace. Footnotes ^121:1 Madhyandina text, p. 1067. ^121:2 Palakaturbhagah padah suvarnasya. Comm. ^121:3 One expects iti after udaga, but Samasravas is applied to Yagnavalkya, and not to the pupil. Yagnavalkya, as the commentator observes, was properly a teacher of the Yagur-veda, but as the pupil calls him Samasravas, he shows that Yagnavalkya knew all the four Vedas, because the Samans are taken from the Rig-veda, and the Atharva-veda is contained in the other three Vedas. Regnaud, however, refers it to the pupil, and translates, 'O toi qui apprends le Sama-veda.' ^122:1 One expects adityena kakshusha, instead of kakshushadityena, but see section 6. ^123:1 The Puronuvakyas are hymns employed before the actual sacrifice, the Yagyas accompany the sacrifice, the Sasyas are used for the Sastra. All three are called Stotriyas. ^123:2 These oblations are explained as consisting of wood and oil, of flesh, and of milk and Soma. The first, when thrown on the [p. 124] fire, flame up. The second, when thrown on the fire, make a loud hissing noise. The third, consisting of milk, Soma, &c., sink down into the earth. ^124:1 On account of the cries of those who wish to be delivered out of it. Comm. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND BRAHMANA [*1]. 1. Then Garatkarava Artabhaga [*2] asked. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'how many Grahas are there, and how many Atigrahas [*3]?' 'Eight Grahas,' he replied,' and eight Atigrahas.' 'And what are these eight Grahas and eight Atigrahas?' 2. 'Prana (breath) is one Graha, and that is seized by Apana (down-breathing) as the Atigraha [*4], for one smells with the Apana.' 3. 'Speech (vak) is one Graha, and that is seized by name (naman) as the Atigraha, for with speech one pronounces names. 4. 'The tongue is one Graha, and that is seized by taste as the Atigraha, for with the tongue one perceives tastes.' 5. 'The eye is one Graha, and that is seized by form as the Atigraha, for with the eye one sees forms.' 6. 'The ear is one Graha, and that is seized by sound as the Atigraha, for with the ear one hears sounds.' 7. 'The mind is one Graha, and that is seized by [p. 126] desire as the Atigraha, for with the mind one desires desires.' 8. 'The arms are one Graha, and these are seized by work as the Atigraha, for with the arms one works work.' 9. 'The skin is one Graha, and that is seized by touch as the Atigraha, for with the skin one perceives touch. These are the eight Grahas and the eight Atigrahas.' 10. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'everything is the food of death. What then is the deity to whom death is food?' 'Fire (agni) is death, and that is the food of water. Death is conquered again.' 11. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'when such a person (a sage) dies, do the vital breaths (pranas) move out of him or no?' 'No,' replied Yagnavalkya; 'they are gathered up in him, he swells, he is inflated, and thus inflated the dead lies at rest.' 12. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'when such a man dies, what does not leave him?' 'The name,' he replied; 'for the name is endless, the Visvedevas are endless, and by it he gains the endless world.' 13. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said,' when the speech of this dead person enters into the fire [*1], breath into the air, the eye into the sun, the mind into the moon, the hearing into space, into the earth the body, into the ether the self, into the shrubs the hairs of the body, into the trees the hairs of the head, when the [p. 127] blood and the seed are deposited in the water, where is then that person?' Yagnavalkya said: 'Take my hand, my friend. We two alone shall know of this; let this question of ours not be (discussed) in public.' Then these two went out and argued, and what they said was karman (work), what they praised was karman [*1], viz. that a man becomes good by good work, and bad by bad work. After that Garatkarava Artabhaga held his peace. Footnotes ^125:1 Madhyandina text, p. 1069. ^125:2 A descendant of Ritabhaga of the family of Garatkaru. ^125:3 Graha is probably meant originally in its usual sacrificial sense, as a vessel for offering oblations. But its secondary meaning, in which it is here taken, is a taker, a grasper, i.e. an organ of sense, while atigraha is intended for that which is grasped, i.e. an object of sense. ^125:4 Here the a is long, khandasatvat. ^126:1 The commentator explains purusha here by asamyagdarsin, one who does not know the whole truth. See also Deussen, Vedanta, p. 405, and p. 399, note. ^127:1 What is intended is that the samsara continues by means of karman, while karman by itself never leads to moksha. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com THIRD BRAHMANA [*2]. 1. Then Bhugyu Lahyayani asked. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'we wandered about as students [*3], and came to the house of Patankala Kapya. He had a daughter who was possessed by a Gandharva. We asked him, 'Who art thou?' and he (the Gandharva) replied: 'I am Sudhanvan, the Angirasa.' And when we asked him about the ends of the world, we said to him, 'Where were the Parikshitas [*4]? Where then were the Parikshitas, I ask thee, Yagnavalkya, where were the Parikshitas?' 2. Yagnavalkya said: 'He said to thee, I suppose, that they went where those go who have performed a horse-sacrifice.' He said: 'And where do they go who have performed a horse-sacrifice?' [p. 128] Yagnavalkya replied: 'Thirty-two journeys of the car of the sun is this world. The earth surrounds it on every side, twice as large, and the ocean surrounds this earth on every side, twice as large. Now there is between [*1] them a space as large as the edge of a razor or the wing of a mosquito. Indra, having become a bird, handed them (through the space) to Vayu (the air), and Vayu (the air), holding them within himself, conveyed them to where they dwell who have performed a horse-sacrifice. Somewhat in this way did he praise Vayu indeed. Therefore Vayu (air) is everything by itself, and Vayu is all things together. He who knows this, conquers death.' After that Bhugyu Lahyayani held his peace. Footnotes ^127:2 Madhyandina text, p. 1070. ^127:3 The commentator explains karakah as adhyayanartham vratakaranak karakah, adhvaryavo va. See Professor R. G. Bhandarkar, in Indian Antiquary, 1883, p. 145. ^127:4 An old royal race, supposed to have vanished from the earth. ^128:1 The commentator explains that this small space or hole is between the two halves of the mundane egg. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FOURTH BRAHMANA [*2]. 1. Then Ushasta Kakrayana asked. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'tell me the Brahman which is visible, not invisible [*3], the Self (atman), who is within all.' Yagnavalkya replied: 'This, thy Self, who is within all.' 'Which Self, O Yagnavalkya, is within all?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'He who breathes in the up-breathing, he is thy Self, and within all. He who breathes in the down-breathing, he is thy Self, and within all. He who breathes in the on-breathing, he is thy Self, and within all. He who breathes in [p. 129] the out-breathing, he is thy Self, and within all. This is thy Self, who is within all.' 2. Ushasta Kakrayana said: 'As one might say, this is a cow, this is a horse, thus has this been explained by thee. Tell me the Brahman which is visible, not invisible, the Self, who is within all.' Yagnavalkya replied: 'This, thy Self, who is within all.' 'Which Self, O Yagnavalkya, is within all?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Thou couldst not see the (true) seer of sight, thou couldst not hear the (true) hearer of hearing, nor perceive the perceiver of perception, nor know the knower of knowledge. This is thy Self, who is within all. Everything also is of evil.' After that Ushasta Kakrayana held his peace. Footnotes ^128:2 Madhyandina text, p. 1071. It follows after what is here the fifth Brahmana, treating of Kahoda Kaushitakeya. ^128:3 Deussen, Vedanta, p. 163, translates, 'das immanente, nicht transcendente Brahman,' which is right, but too modern. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FIFTH BRAHMANA [*1]. 1. Then Kahola Kaushitakeya asked. 'Yagnavalkya, 'he said, 'tell me the Brahman which is visible, not invisible, the Self (Atman), who is within all.' Yagnavalkya replied: 'This, thy Self, who is within all.' 'Which Self, O Yagnavalkya, is within all?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'He who overcomes hunger and thirst, sorrow, passion, old age, and death. When Brahmanas know that Self, and have risen above the desire for sons [*2], wealth, and (new) worlds [*3], they wander about as mendicants. For a desire for sons is desire for wealth, a desire for wealth is desire for worlds. Both these are indeed desires. Therefore let a Brahmana, after he has done with learning, [p. 130] wish to stand by real strength [*1]; after he has done with that strength and learning, he becomes a Muni (a Yogin); and after he has done with what is not the knowledge of a Muni, and with what is the knowledge of a Muni, he is a Brahmana. By whatever means he has become a Brahmana, he is such indeed [*2]. Everything else is of evil.' After that Kahola Kaushitakeya held his peace. Footnotes ^129:1 Madhyandina text, p. 1071, standing before the fourth Brahmana. ^129:2 See Brih. Ar. Up. IV, 4, 22. ^129:3 Life in the world of the Fathers, or in the world of the Gods. ^130:1 Knowledge of the Self, which enables us to dispense with all other knowledge. ^130:2 Mr. Gough proposes as an alternative rendering: 'Let a Brahmana renounce learning and become as a child; and after renouncing learning and a childlike mind, let him become a quietist; and when he has made an end of quietism and non-quietism, he shall become a Brahmana, a Brahmana indeed.' Deussen takes a similar view, but I doubt whether 'the knowledge of babes' is not a Christian rather than an Indian idea, in spite of Sankara's remarks on Ved. Sutra, III, 4, 50, which are strangely at variance with his commentary here. Possibly the text may be corrupt, for tishthaset too is a very peculiar form. We might conjecture balyena, as we have abalyam, in IV, 4, 1. In Kaush. Up. III, 3, abalyam stands for abalyam, possibly for abalyam. The construction of kena syad yena syat tenedrisa eva, however, is well known. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SIXTH BRAHMANA [*3]. 1. Then Gargi Vakaknavi asked. 'Yagnavalkya,' she said, 'everything here is woven, like warp and woof, in water. What then is that in which water is woven, like warp and woof?' 'In air, O Gargi,' he replied. 'In what then is air woven, like warp and woof?' 'In the worlds of the sky, O Gargi, 'he replied. 'In what then are the worlds of the sky woven, like warp and woof?' 'In the worlds of the Gandharvas, O Gargi,' he replied. [p. 131] 'In what then are the worlds of the Gandharvas woven, like warp and woof?' 'In the worlds of Aditya (sun), O Gargi,' he replied. 'In what then are the worlds of Aditya (sun) woven, like warp and woof?' 'In the worlds of Kandra (moon), O Gargi,' he replied. 'In what then are the worlds of Kandra (moon) woven, like warp and woof?' , In the worlds of the Nakshatras (stars), O Gargi,' he replied. 'In what then are the worlds of the Nakshatras (stars) woven, like warp and woof?' 'In the worlds of the Devas (gods), O Gargi,' he replied. 'In what then are the worlds of the Devas (gods) woven, like warp and woof?' 'In the worlds of Indra, O Gargi,' he replied. 'In what then are the worlds of Indra woven, like warp and woof?' 'In the worlds of Pragapati, O Gargi,' he replied. 'In what then are the worlds of Pragapati woven, like warp and woof?' 'In the worlds of Brahman, O Gargi,' he replied. 'In what then are the worlds of Brahman woven, like warp and woof?' Yagnavalkya said: 'O Gargi, Do not ask too much, lest thy head should fall off. Thou askest too much about a deity about which we are not to ask too much [*1]. Do not ask too much, O Gargi.' After that Gargi Vakaknavi held her peace. Footnotes ^130:3 Madhyandina text, p. 1072. ^131:1 According to the commentator questions about Brahman are to be answered from the Scriptures only, and not to be settled by argument. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 132] SEVENTH BRAHMANA [*1]. 1. Then Uddalaka Aruni [*2] asked. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'we dwelt among the Madras in the houses of Patankala Kapya, studying the sacrifice. His wife was possessed of a Gandharva, and we asked him: "Who art thou?" He answered: "I am Kabandha Atharvana." And he said to Patankala Kapya and to (us) students: "Dost thou know, Kapya, that thread by which this world and the other world, and all beings are strung together?" And Patankala Kapya replied: "I do not know it, Sir." He said again to Patankala Kapya and to (us) students: "Dost thou know, Kapya, that puller (ruler) within (antaryamin), who within pulls (rules) this world and the other world and all beings?" And Patankala Kapya replied: "I do not know it, Sir." He said again to Patankala Kapya and to (us) students: "He, O Kapya, who knows that thread and him who pulls (it) within, he knows Brahman, he knows the worlds, he knows the Devas, he knows the Vedas, he knows the Bhutas (creatures), he knows the Self, he knows everything." Thus did he (the Gandharva) say to them, and I know it. If thou, O Yagnavalkya, without knowing that string and the puller within, drivest away those Brahma-cows (the cows offered as a prize to him who best knows Brahman), thy head will fall off.' Yagnavalkya said: 'O Gautama, I believe I know that thread and the puller within.' [p. 133] The other said: 'Anybody may say, I know, I know. Tell what thou knowest.' 2. Yagnavalkya said: 'Vayu (air) is that thread, O Gautama. By air, as by a thread, O Gautama, this world and the other world, and all creatures are strung together. Therefore, O Gautama, people say of a dead person that his limbs have become unstrung; for by air, as by a thread, O Gautama, they were strung together.' The other said: 'So it is, O Yagnavalkya. Tell now (who is) the puller within.' 3. Yagnavalkya said: 'He who dwells in the earth, and within the earth [*1], whom the earth does not know, whose body the earth is, and who pulls (rules) the earth within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 4. 'He who dwells in the water, and within the water, whom the water does not know, whose body the water is, and who pulls (rules) the water within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 5. 'He who dwells in the fire, and within the fire, whom the fire does not know, whose body the fire is, and who pulls (rules) the fire within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 6. 'He who dwells in the sky, and within the sky, whom the sky does not know, whose body the sky is, and who pulls (rules) the sky within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 7. 'He who dwells in the air (vayu), and within the air, whom the air does not know, whose body the [p. 134] air is, and who pulls (rules) the air within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 8. 'He who dwells in the heaven (dyu), and within the heaven, whom the heaven does not know, whose body the heaven is, and who pulls (rules) the heaven within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 9. 'He who dwells in the sun (Aditya), and within the sun, whom the sun does not know, whose body the sun is, and who pulls (rules) the sun within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 10. 'He who dwells in the space (disah), and within the space, whom the space does not know, whose body the space is, and who pulls (rules) the space within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 11. 'He who dwells in the moon and stars (kandra-tarakam), and within the moon and stars, whom the moon and stars do not know, whose body the moon and stars are, and who pulls (rules) the moon and stars within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 12. 'He who dwells in the ether (akasa), and within the ether, whom the ether does not know, whose body the ether is, and who pulls (rules) the ether within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 13. 'He who dwells in the darkness (tamas), and within the darkness, whom the darkness does not know, whose body the darkness is, and who pulls (rules) the darkness within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 14. 'He who dwells in the light (tegas), and within the light, whom the light does not know, whose [p. 135] body the light is, and who pulls (rules) the light within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' So far with respect to the gods (adhidaivatam); now with respect to beings (adhibhutam). 15. Yagnavalkya said: 'He who dwells in all beings, and within all beings, whom all beings do not know, whose body all beings are, and who pulls (rules) all beings within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 16. 'He who dwells in the breath (prana), and within the breath, whom the breath does not know, whose body the breath is, and who pulls (rules) the breath within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 17. 'He who dwells in the tongue (vak), and within the tongue, whom the tongue does not know, whose body the tongue is, and who pulls (rules) the tongue within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 18. 'He who dwells in the eye, and within the eye, whom the eye does not know, whose body the eye is, and who pulls (rules) the eye within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 19. 'He who dwells in the ear, and within the ear, whom the ear does not know, whose body the ear is, and who pulls (rules) the ear within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 20. 'He who dwells in the mind, and within the mind, whom the mind does not know, whose body the mind is, and who pulls (rules) the mind within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 21. 'He who dwells in the skin, and within the skin, whom the skin does not know, whose body the [p. 136] skin is, and who pulls (rules) the skin within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 22. 'He who dwells in knowledge [*1], and within knowledge, whom knowledge does not know, whose body knowledge is, and who pulls (rules) knowledge within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal.' 23. 'He who dwells in the seed, and within the seed, whom the seed does not know, whose body the seed is, and who pulls (rules) the seed within, he is thy Self, the puller (ruler) within, the immortal; unseen, but seeing; unheard, but hearing; unperceived, but perceiving; unknown, but knowing. There is no other seer but he, there is no other hearer but he, there is no other perceiver but he, there is no other knower but he. This is thy Self, the ruler within, the immortal. Everything else is of evil.' After that Uddalaka Aruni held his peace. Footnotes ^132:1 Madhyandina text, p. 1072. ^132:2 Afterwards addressed as Gautama; see before, p. 1, note. ^133:1 I translate antara by 'within,' according to the commentator, who explains it by abhyantara, but I must confess that I should prefer to translate it by 'different from,' as Deussen does, l. c. p. 160, particularly as it governs an ablative. ^136:1 Self, i.e. the individual Self, according to the Madhyandina school; see Deussen, p. 161. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com EIGHTH BRAHMANA [*2]. 1. Then Vakaknavi [*3] said: 'Venerable Brahmanas, I shall ask him two questions. If he will answer them, none of you, I think, will defeat him in any argument concerning Brahman.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Ask, O Gargi.' 2. She said: 'O Yagnavalkya, as the son of a warrior from the Kasis or Videhas might string his loosened bow, take two pointed foe-piercing arrows in his hand and rise to do battle, I have risen to [p. 137] fight thee with two questions. Answer me these questions.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Ask, O Gargi.' 3. She said: 'O Yagnavalkya, that of which they say that it is above the heavens, beneath the earth, embracing heaven and earth [*1], past, present, and future, tell me in what is it woven, like warp and woof?' 4. Yagnavalkya said: 'That of which they say that it is above the heavens, beneath the earth, embracing heaven and earth, past, present, and future, that is woven, like warp and woof, in the ether (akasa).' 5. She said: 'I bow to thee, O Yagnavalkya, who hast solved me that question. Get thee ready for the second.' Yagnavalkya said [*2]: 'Ask, O Gargi.' 6. She said: 'O Yagnavalkya, that of which they say that it is above the heavens, beneath the earth, embracing heaven and earth, past, present, and future, tell me in what is it woven, like warp and woof?' 7. Yagnavalkya said: 'That of which they say that it is above the heavens, beneath the earth, embracing heaven and earth, past, present, and future, that is woven, like warp and woof, in the ether.' Gargi said: 'In what then is the ether woven, like warp and woof?' 8. He said: 'O Gargi, the Brahmanas call this the Akshara (the imperishable). It is neither coarse nor fine, neither short nor long, neither red (like fire) nor fluid (like water); it is without shadow, without darkness, without air, without ether, without [p. 138] attachment [*1], without taste, without smell, without eyes, without ears, without speech, without mind, without light (vigour), without breath, without a mouth (or door), without measure, having no within and no without, it devours nothing, and no one devours it.' 9. 'By the command of that Akshara (the imperishable), O Gargi, sun and moon stand apart [*2]. By the command of that Akshara, O Gargi, heaven and earth stand apart. By the command of that Akshara, O Gargi, what are called moments (nimesha), hours (muhurta), days and nights, half-months, months, seasons, years, all stand apart. By the command of that Akshara, O Gargi, some rivers flow to the East from the white mountains, others to the West, or to any other quarter. By the command of that Akshara, O Gargi, men praise those who give, the gods follow the sacrificer, the fathers the Darvi-offering.' 10. 'Whosoever, O Gargi, without knowing that Akshara (the imperishable), offers oblations in this world, sacrifices, and performs penance for a thousand years, his work will have an end. Whosoever, O Gargi, without knowing this Akshara, departs this world, he is miserable (like a slave) [*3]. But he, O Gargi, who departs this world, knowing this Akshara, he is a Brahmana.' 11. 'That Brahman,' O Gargi, 'is unseen, but seeing; unheard, but hearing; unperceived, but perceiving; unknown, but knowing. There is nothing [p. 139] that sees but it, nothing that hears but it, nothing that perceives but it, nothing that knows but it. In that Akshara then, O Gargi, the ether is woven, like warp and woof.' 12. Then said Gargi: 'Venerable Brahmans, you may consider it a great thing, if you get off by bowing before him. No one, I believe, will defeat him in any argument concerning Brahman.' After that Vakaknavi held her peace. Footnotes ^136:2 Madhyandina text, p. 1075. ^136:3 Gargi, not the wife of Yagnavalkya. ^137:1 Deussen, p. 143, translates, 'between heaven and earth,' but that would be the antariksha. ^137:2 This repetition does not occur in the Madhyandina text. ^138:1 Not adhering to anything, like lac or gum. ^138:2 Each follows its own course. ^138:3 He stores up the effects from work, like a miser his riches,' Roer. 'He is helpless,' Gough. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com NINTH BRAHMANA [*1]. 1. Then Vidagdha Sakalya asked him [*2]: 'How many gods are there, O Yagnavalkya?' He replied with this very Nivid [*3]: 'As many as are mentioned in the Nivid of the hymn of praise addressed to the Visvedevas, viz. three and three hundred, three and three thousand [*4].' 'Yes,' he said, and asked again: 'How many gods are there really, O Yagnavalkya?' 'Thirty-three,' he said. [p. 140] 'Yes,' he said, and asked again: 'How many gods are there really, O Yagnavalkya?' 'Six,' he said. 'Yes,' he said, and asked again: 'How many gods are there really, O Yagnavalkya?' 'Three,' he said. 'Yes,' he said, and asked again: 'How many gods are there really, O Yagnavalkya?' 'Two,' he said. 'Yes,' he said, and asked again: 'How many gods are there really, O Yagnavalkya?' 'One and a half (adhyardha),' he said. 'Yes,' he said, and asked again: 'How many gods are there really, O Yagnavalkya?' 'One,' he said. 'Yes,' he said, and asked: 'Who are these three and three hundred, three and three thousand?' 2. Yagnavalkya replied: 'They are only the various powers of them, in reality there are only thirty-three gods [*1].' He asked: 'Who are those thirty-three?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'The eight Vasus, the eleven Rudras, the twelve Adityas. They make thirty-one, and Indra and Pragapati make the thirty-three [*2].' 3. He asked: 'Who are the Vasus.' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Agni (fire), Prithivi (earth), Vayu (air), Antariksha (sky), Aditya (sun), Dyu (heaven), Kandramas (moon), the Nakshatras (stars), these are the Vasus, for in them all that dwells (this world) [*3] rests; and therefore they are called Vasus.' [p. 141] 4. He asked: 'Who are the Rudras?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'These ten vital breaths (pranas, the senses, i.e. the five gnanendriyas, and the five karmendriyas), and Atman [*1], as the eleventh. When they depart from this mortal body, they make us cry (rodayanti), and because they make us cry, they are called Rudras.' 5. He asked: 'Who are the Adityas?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'The twelve months of the year, and they are Adityas, because they move along (yanti), taking up everything [*2] (adadanah). Because they move along, taking up everything, therefore they are called Adityas.' 6. He asked: 'And who is Indra, and who is Pragapati?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Indra is thunder, Pragapati is the sacrifice.' He asked: 'And what is the thunder?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'The thunderbolt.' He asked: 'And what is the sacrifice?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'The (sacrificial) animals.' 7. He asked: 'Who are the six?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Agni (fire), Prithivi (earth), Vayu (air), Antariksha (sky), Aditya (sun), Dyu (heaven), they are the six, for they are all [*3] this, the six.' 8. He asked: 'Who are the three gods?' [p. 142] Yagnavalkya replied: 'These three worlds, for in them all these gods exist.' He asked: 'Who are the two gods?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Food and breath.' He asked: 'Who is the one god and a half?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'He that blows.' 9. Here they say: 'How is it that he who blows like one only, should be called one and a half (adhyardha)?' And the answer is: 'Because, when the wind was blowing, everything grew (adhyardhnot).' He asked: 'Who is the one god?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Breath (prana), and he is Brahman (the Sutratman), and they call him That (tyad).' 10. Sakalya said [*1]: 'Whosoever knows that person (or god) whose dwelling (body) is the earth, whose sight (world) is fire [*2], whose mind is light,--the principle [p. 143] of every (living) self, he indeed is a teacher, O Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya said: 'I know that person, the principle of every self, of whom thou speakest. This corporeal (material, earthy) person, "he is he." But tell me [*1], Sakalya, who is his devata [*2] (deity)?' Sakalya replied: 'The Immortal [*3].' 11. Sakalya said: 'Whosoever knows that person whose dwelling is love (a body capable of sensual love), whose sight is the heart, whose mind is light.--the principle of every self, he indeed is a teacher, O Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya replied: 'I know that person, the principle of every self, of whom thou speakest. This love-made (loving) person, he is he." But tell me, Sakalya, who is his devata?' Sakalya replied: 'The women [*4].' 12. Sakalya said: 'Whosoever knows that person whose dwelling are the colours, whose sight is the eye, whose mind is light,--the principle of every self, he indeed is a teacher, O Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya replied: 'I know that person, the principle of every self, of whom thou speakest. That person in the sun, "he is he." But tell me, Sakalya, who is his devata?' Sakalya replied: 'The True [*5].' 13. Sakalya said: 'Whosoever knows that person [p. 144] whose dwelling is ether, whose sight is the ear, whose mind is light,--the principle of every self, he indeed is a teacher, O Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya replied: 'I know that person, the principle of every self, of whom thou speakest. The person who hears [*1] and answers, "he is he." But tell me, Sakalya, who is his devata?' Sakalya replied: 'Space.' 14. Sakalya said: 'Whosoever knows that person whose dwelling is darkness, whose sight is the heart, whose mind is light,--the principle of every self, he indeed is a teacher, O Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya replied: 'I know that person, the principle of every self, of whom thou speakest. The shadowy [*2] person, "he is he." But tell me, Sakalya, who is his devata?' Sakalya replied: 'Death.' 15. Sakalya said: 'Whosoever knows that person whose dwelling are (bright) colours, whose sight is the eye, whose mind is light,--the principle of every self, he indeed is a teacher, O Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya replied: 'I know that person, the principle of every self, of whom thou speakest. The person in the looking-glass, "he is he." But tell me, Sakalya, who is his devata?' Sakalya replied: 'Vital breath' (asu). 16. Sakalya said: 'Whosoever knows that person whose dwelling is water, whose sight is the heart, whose mind is light,--the principle of every self, he indeed is a teacher, O Yagnavalkya.' [p. 145] Yagnavalkya replied: 'I know that person, the principle of every self, of whom thou speakest. The person in the water, "he is he." But tell me, Sakalya, who is his devata?' Sakalya replied: 'Varuna.' 17. Sakalya said: 'Whosoever knows that person whose dwelling is seed, whose sight is the heart, whose mind is light,--the principle of every self, he indeed is a teacher, O Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya replied: 'I know that person, the principle of every self, of whom thou speakest. The filial person, "he is he." But tell me, Sakalya, who is his devata?' Sakalya replied: 'Pragapati.' 18. Yagnavalkya said: 'Sakalya, did those Brahmanas (who themselves shrank from the contest) make thee the victim [*1]?' Sakalya said: 'Yagnavalkya, because thou hast decried the Brahmanas of the Kuru-Pankalas, what [*2] Brahman dost thou know?' 19. Yagnavalkya said: 'I know the quarters with their deities and their abodes.' [p. 146] Sakalya said: 'If thou knowest the quarters with their deities and their abodes, 20. 'Which is thy deity in the Eastern quarter?' Yagnavalkya said: 'Aditya (the sun).' Sakalya said: 'In what does that Aditya abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the eye.' Sakalya said: 'In what does the eye abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the colours, for with the eye he sees the colours.' Sakalya said: 'And in what then do the colours abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the heart [*1], for we know colours by the heart, for colours abide in the heart [*2].' Sakalya said: 'So it is indeed, O Yagnavalkya.' 21. Sakalya said: 'Which is thy deity in the Southern quarter?' Yagnavalkya said: 'Yama.' Sakalya said: 'In what does that Yama abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the sacrifice.' Sakalya said: 'In what does the sacrifice abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the Dakshina (the gifts to be given to the priests).' Sakalya said: 'In what does the Dakshina abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In Sraddha (faith), for if a man believes, then he gives Dakshina, and Dakshina truly abides in faith.' Sakalya said: 'And in what then does faith abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the heart, for by the heart faith knows, and therefore faith abides in the heart.' Sakalya said: 'So it is indeed, O Yagnavalkya.' [p. 147] 22. Sakalya said: 'Which is thy deity in the Western quarter?' Yagnavalkya said: 'Varuna.' Sakalya said: 'In what does that Varuna abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the water.' Sakalya said: 'In what does the water abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the seed.' Sakalya said: 'And in what does the seed abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the heart. And therefore also they say of a son who is like his father, that he seems as if slipt from his heart, or made from his heart; for the seed abides in the heart.' Sakalya said: 'So it is indeed, O Yagnavalkya.' 23. Sakalya said: 'Which is thy deity in the Northern quarter?' Yagnavalkya said: 'Soma.' Sakalya said: 'In what does that Soma abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the Diksha [*1].' Sakalya said: 'In what does the Diksha abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the True; and therefore they say to one who has performed the Diksha, Speak what is true, for in the True indeed the Diksha abides.' Sakalya said: 'And in what does the True abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the heart, for with the heart do we know what is true, and in the heart indeed the True abides.' Sakalya said: 'So it is indeed, O Yagnavalkya.' 24. Sakalya said: 'Which is thy deity in the zenith?' [p. 148] Yagnavalkya said: 'Agni.' Sakalya said: 'In what does that Agni abide.' Yagnavalkya said: 'In speech.' Sakalya said: 'And in what does speech abide Yagnavalkya said: 'In the heart.' Sakalya said: 'And in what does the heart abide?' 2 5. Yagnavalkya said: 'O Ahallika [*1], when you think the heart could be anywhere else away from us, if it were away from us, the dogs might eat it, or the birds tear it.' 26. Sakalya said: 'And in what dost thou (thy body) and the Self (thy heart) abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the Prana (breath).' Sakalya said: 'In what does the Prana abide?' Yagnavalkya said: In the Apana (down-breathing) [*2].' Sakalya said: 'In what does the Apana abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the Vyana (back-breathing ) [*3].' Sakalya said: 'In what does the Vyana-abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the Udana (the out-breathing) [*4].' Sakalya said: 'In what does the Udana abide?' Yagnavalkya said: 'In the Samana [*5]. That Self [p. 149] [paragraph continues] (atman) is to be described by No, no [*1]! He is incomprehensible, for he cannot be (is not) comprehended; he is imperishable, for he cannot perish; he is unattached, for he does not attach himself; unfettered, he does not suffer, he does not fail.' 'These are the eight abodes (the earth, &c.), the eight worlds (fire, &c.), the eight gods (the immortal food, &c.), the eight persons (the corporeal, &c.) He who after dividing and uniting these persons [*2], went beyond (the Samana), that person, taught in the Upanishads, I now ask thee (to teach me). If thou shalt not explain him to me, thy head will fall.' Sakalya did not know him, and his head fell, nay, thieves took away his bones, mistaking them for something else. 27. Then Yagnavalkya said: 'Reverend Brahmanas, whosoever among you desires to do so, may now question me. Or question me, all of you. Or whosoever among you desires it, I shall question him, or I shall question all of you. But those Brahmanas durst not (say anything). 28. Then Yagnavalkya questioned them with these Slokas: 1. 'As a mighty tree in the forest, so in truth is man, his hairs are the leaves, his outer skin is the bark. 2. 'From his skin flows forth blood, sap from the skin (of the tree); and thus from the wounded [p. 150] man [*1] comes forth blood, as from a tree that is struck. 3. 'The lumps of his flesh are (in the tree) the layers of wood, the fibre is strong like the tendons [*2] . The bones are the (hard) wood within, the marrow is made like the marrow of the tree. 4. 'But, while the tree, when felled, grows up again more young from the root, from what root, tell me, does a mortal grow up, after he has been felled by death? 5. 'Do not say, "from seed," for seed is produced from the living [*3]; but a tree, springing from a grain, clearly [*4] rises again after death [*5]. 6. 'If a tree is pulled up with the root, it will not grow again; from what root then, tell me, does a mortal grow up, after he has been felled by death? 7. 'Once born, he is not born (again); for who should create him again [*6]?' [p. 151] 'Brahman, who is knowledge and bliss, he is the principle, both to him who gives gifts [*1], and also to him who stands firm, and knows.' Footnotes ^139:1 Madhyandina text, p. 1076. ^139:2 This disputation between Yagnavalkya and Vidagdha Sakalya occurs in a simpler form in the Satapatha-brahmana, XI, p. 873. He is here represented as the first who defies Yagnavalkya, and whom Yagnavalkya asks at once, whether the other Brahmans had made him the ulmukavakshayana, the cat's paw, literally one who has to take a burning piece of wood out of the fire (ardha. dagdhakashtham ulmukam; tasya vahirnirasanam avakshayanam vinasah). The end, however, is different, for on asking the nature of the one god, the Prana, he is told by Yagnavalkya that he has asked for what he ought not to ask, and that therefore he will die and thieves will carry away his bones. ^139:3 Nivid, old and short invocations of the gods; devatasankhyavakakani mantrapadni kanikid vaisvadeve sastre sasyante. Sankara, and Dvivedaganga. ^139:4 This would make 3306 devatas. ^140:1 'The glories of these are three and thirty.' Gough, p. 172. ^140:2 Trayastrimsau, i.e. trayastrimsatah puranau. ^140:3 The etymological explanation of Vasu is not quite clear, and [p. 141] the commentator hardly explains our text. Perhaps vasu is meant for the world or the dwellers therein. The more usual explanation occurs in the Satap. Brah. p. 1077, ete hidam sarvam vasayante tadyad idam sarvam vasayante tasmad vasava iti; or on p. 874, where we read te yad idam sarvam &c. ^141:1 Atman is here explained as manas, the common sensory. ^141:2 The life of men, and the fruits of their work. ^141:3 They are the thirty-three gods. ^142:1 I prefer to attribute this to Sakalya, who is still the questioner, and not Yagnavalkya; but I am not quite satisfied that I am right in this, or in the subsequent distribution of the parts, assigned to each speaker. If Sakalya is the questioner, then the sentence, veda va aham tam purusham sarvasyatmanah parayanam yam attha, must belong to Yagnavalkya, because he refers to the words of another speaker. Lastly, the sentence vadaiva has to be taken as addressed to Sakalya. The commentator remarks that, he being the questioner, one expects prikkha instead of vada. But Yagnavalkya may also be supposed to turn round on Sakalya and ask him a question in turn, more difficult than the question addressed by Sakalya to Yagnavalkya, and in that case the last sentence must be taken as an answer, though an imperfect one, of Sakalya's. The commentator seems to think that after Yagnavalkya told Sakalya to ask this question, Sakalya was frightened and asked it, and that then Yagnavalkya answered in turn. ^142:2 The Madhyandina text varies considerably. It has the first time, kashur lokah for agnir lokah. I keep to the same construction throughout, taking mano gyotih, not as a compound, but like agnir loko yasya, as a sentence, i.e. mano gyotir yasya. ^143:1 Ask me. Comm. ^143:2 That from which he is produced, that is his devata. Comm. ^143:3 According to the commentator, the essence of food, which produces blood, from which the germ receives life and becomes an embryo and a living being. ^143:4 Because they excite the fire of love. Comm. ^143:5 The commentator explains satya, the true, by the eye, because the sun owes its origin to the eye. ^144:1 Read srautra instead of srotra; see Brih. Ar. Up. II, 5, 6. ^144:2 Shadow, khaya, is explained here by agnana, ignorance, not by gnana, knowledge. ^145:1 Angaravakshayana is explained as a vessel in which coals are extinguished, and Anandagiri adds that Yagnavalkya, in saying that Sakalya was made an angaravakshayana by his fellow Brahmans, meant that he was given up by them as a victim, in fact that he was being burnt or consumed by Yagnavalkya. I should prefer to take angaravakshayana in the sense of ulmukavakshayana, an instrument with which one takes burning coals from the fire to extinguish them, a pair of tongs. Read sandamsa instead of sandesa. Kshi with ava means to remove, to take away. We should call an angaravakshayana a cat's paw. The Brahmanas used Sakalya as a cat's paw. ^145:2 It seems better to take kim as the interrogative pronoun than as an interrogative particle. ^146:1 Heart stands here for buddhi and manas together. Comm. ^146:2 In the text, published by Dr. Roer in the Bibliotheca Indica, a sentence is left out, viz. hridaya ity uvaka, hridayena hi rupani ganati, hridaye hy eva rupani pratishthitani bhavantity. ^147:1 Diksha is the initiatory rite for the Soma sacrifice. Having sacrificed with Soma which has to be bought, the sacrificer becomes endowed with wisdom, and wanders to the North, which is the quarter of Soma. ^148:1 A term of reproach, it may be a ghost or preta, because ahani liyate, it disappears by day. ^148:2 Because the prana would run away, if it were not held back by the apana. ^148:3 Because the apana would run down, and the prana up, if they were not held back by the vyana. ^148:4 Because all three, the prana, apana, and vyana, would run away in all directions, if they were not fastened to the udana. ^148:5 The Samana can hardly be meant here for one of the five pranas, generally mentioned before the udana, but, as explained by Dvivedaganga, stands for the Sutratman. This Sutratman abides in the Antaryamin, and this in the Brahman (Kutastha), which is [p. 149] therefore described next. Could Samana be here the same as in IV, 3, 7? ^149:1 See before, II, 3, 6; also IV, 2, 4; IV, 4, 22; IV, 5, 115. ^149:2 Dividing them according to the different abodes, worlds, and persons, and uniting them at last in the heart. ^150:1 In the Madhyandina-sakha, p. 1080, tasmat tadatunnat, instead of tasmat tadatrinnat. ^150:2 Sankara seems to have read snavavat, instead of snava, tat sthiram, as we read in both Sakhas. ^150:3 Here the Madhyandinas (p. 1080) add, gata eva na gayate, ko nv enam ganayet punah, which the Kanvas place later. ^150:4 Instead of angasa, the Madhyandinas have anyatah. ^150:5 The Madhyandinas have dhanaruha u vai, which is better than iva vai, the iva being, according to Sankara's own confession, useless. The thread of the argument does not seem to have been clearly perceived by the commentators. What the poet wants to say is, that a man, struck down by death, does not come to life again from seed, because human seed comes from the living only, while trees, springing from grain, are seen to come to life after the tree (which yielded the grain or the seed) is dead. Pretya-sambhava like pretya-bhava, means life after death, and pretyasambhava, as an adjective, means coming to life after death. ^150:6 This line too is taken in a different sense by the commentator. According to him, it would mean: 'If you say, He has been born [p. 151] (and there is an end of all questioning), I say, No; he is born again, and the question is, How?' This is much too artificial. The order of the verses in the Madhyandina-sakha is better on the whole, leading up more naturally to the question, 'From what root then does a mortal grow up, after he has been felled by death?' When the Brahmans cannot answer, Yagnavalkya answers, or the Sruti declares, that the root from whence a mortal springs again, after death, is Brahman. ^151:1 Sankara explains ratir datuh as rater datuh, a reading adopted by the Madhyandinas. He then arrives at the statement that Brahman is the principle or the last source, also the root of a new life, both for those who practise works and for those who, having relinquished works, stand firm in knowledge. Regnaud (II, p. 138) translates: 'C'est Brahma (qui est) l'intelligence, le bonheur, la richesse, le but supreme de celui qui offre (des sacrifices), et de celui qui reside (en lui), de celui qui connait.' The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 152] FOURTH ADHYAYA. FIRST BRAHMANA. 1. When Ganaka Vaideha was sitting (to give audience), Yagnavalkya approached, and Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Yagnavalkya, for what object did you come, wishing for cattle, or for subtle questions [*1]?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'For both, Your Majesty; 2. 'Let us hear what anybody may have told you.' Ganaka Vaideha replied: 'Gitvan Sailini told me that speech (vak) is Brahman.' Yagnavalkya said: 'As one who had (the benefit of a good) father, mother, and teacher might tell, so did Sailini [*2] tell you, that speech is Brahman; for what is the use of a dumb person? But did he tell you the body (ayatana) and the resting-place (pratishtha) of that Brahman?' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'He did not tell me.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Your Majesty, this (Brahman) stands on one leg only [*3].' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Then tell me, Yagnavalkya.' [p. 153] Yagnavalkya said: 'The tongue is its body, ether its place, and one should worship it as knowledge.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'What is the nature of that knowledge?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Your Majesty, speech itself (is knowledge). For through speech, Your Majesty, a friend is known (to be a friend), and likewise the Rig-Veda, Yagur-veda, Sama-veda, the Atharvangirasas, the Itihasa (tradition), Purana-vidya (knowledge of the past), the Upanishads, Slokas (verses), Sutras (rules), Anuvyakhyanas and Vyakhyanas (commentaries [*1], &c.); what is sacrificed, what is poured out, what is (to be) eaten and drunk, this world and the other world, and all creatures. By speech alone, Your Majesty, Brahman is known, speech indeed, O King, is the Highest Brahman. Speech does not desert him who worships that (Brahman) with such knowledge, all creatures approach him, and having become a god, he goes to the gods.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'I shall give you (for this) a thousand cows with a bull as big as an elephant.' Yagnavalkya said: 'My father was of opinion that one should not accept a reward without having fully instructed a pupil.' 3. Yagnavalkya said: 'Let us hear what anybody may have told you.' Ganaka Vaideha replied: 'Udanka Saulbayana told me that life (prana) [*2] is Brahman.' Yagnavalkya said: 'As one who had (the benefit of a good) father, mother, and teacher might tell, so did [p. 154] [paragraph continues] Udanka Saulbayana tell you that life is Brahman; for what is the use of a person without life? But did he tell you the body and the resting-place of that Brahman?' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'He did not tell me.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Your Majesty, this (Brahman) stands on one leg only.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Then tell me, Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Breath is its body, ether its place, and one should worship it as what is dear.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'What is the nature of that which is dear?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Your Majesty, life itself (is that which is dear);' because for the sake of life, Your Majesty, a man sacrifices even for him who is unworthy of sacrifice, he accepts presents from him who is not worthy to bestow presents, nay, he goes to a country, even when there is fear of being hurt [*1], for the sake of life. Life, O King, is the Highest Brahman. Life does not desert him who worships that (Brahman) with such knowledge, all creatures approach him, and having become a god, he goes to the gods.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'I shall give you (for this) a thousand cows with a bull as big as an elephant.' Yagnavalkya said: 'My father was of opinion that one should not accept a reward without having fully instructed a pupil.' 4. Yagnavalkya said: 'Let us hear what anybody may have told you.' [p. 155] Ganaka Vaideha replied: 'Barku Varshna told me that sight (kakshus) is Brahman.' Yagnavalkya said: 'As one who had (the benefit of a good) father, mother, and teacher might tell, so did Barku Varshna tell you that sight is Brahman; for what is the use of a person who cannot see? But did he tell you the body and the resting-place of that Brahman?' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'He did not tell me.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Your Majesty, this (Brahman) stands on one leg only.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Then tell me, Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya said: 'The eye is its body, ether its place, and one should worship it as what is true.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'What is the nature of that which is true?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Your Majesty, sight itself (is that which is true); for if they say to a man who sees with his eye, "Didst thou see?" and he says, "I saw," then it is true. Sight, O King, is the Highest Brahman. Sight does not desert him who worships that (Brahman) with such knowledge, all creatures approach him, and having become a god, he goes to the gods.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'I shall give you (for this) a thousand cows with a bull as big as an elephant.' Yagnavalkya said: 'My father was of opinion that one should not accept a reward without having fully instructed a pupil.' 5. Yagnavalkya said: 'Let us hear what anybody may have told you.' Ganaka Vaideha replied: 'Gardabhivibhita Bharadvaga told me that hearing (sruta) is Brahman.' [p. 156] Yagnavalkya said: 'As one who had (the benefit of a good) father, mother, and teacher might tell, so did Gardabhivibhita Bharadvaga tell you that hearing is Brahman; for what is the use of a person who cannot hear? But did he tell you the body and the resting-place of that Brahman?' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'He did not tell me.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Your Majesty, this (Brahman) stands on one leg only.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Then tell me, Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya said: 'The ear is its body, ether its place, and we should worship it as what is endless.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'What is the nature of that which is endless?' Yagnavalkya, replied: 'Your Majesty, space (disah) itself (is that which is endless), and therefore to whatever space (quarter) he goes, he never comes to the end of it. For space is endless. Space indeed, O King, is hearing [*1], and hearing indeed, O King, is the Highest Brahman. Hearing does not desert him who worships that (Brahman) with such knowledge, all creatures approach him, and having become a god, he goes to the gods.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'I shall give you (for this) a thousand cows with a bull as big as an elephant.' Yagnavalkya said: 'My father was of opinion that one should not accept a reward without having fully instructed a pupil.' 6. Yagnavalkya said: 'Let us hear what anybody may have told you.' [p. 157] Ganaka Vaideha replied: 'Satyakama Gabala told me that mind [*1] (manas) is Brahman.' Yagnavalkya said: 'As one who had (the benefit of a good) father, mother, and teacher might tell, so did Satyakama Gabala tell you that mind is Brahman; for what is the use of a person without mind? But did he tell you the body and the resting-place of that Brahman?' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'He did not tell me.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Your Majesty, this (Brahman) stands on one leg only.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Then tell me, Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Mind itself is its body, ether its place, and we should worship it as bliss.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'What is the nature of bliss?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Your Majesty, mind itself; for with the mind does a man desire a woman, and a like son is born of her, and he is bliss. Mind indeed, O King, is the Highest Brahman. Mind does not desert him who worships that (Brahman) with such knowledge, all creatures approach him, and having become a god, he goes to the gods.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'I shall give you (for this) a thousand cows with a bull as big as an elephant.' Yagnavalkya said: 'My father was of opinion that one should not accept a reward without having fully instructed a pupil.' 7. Yagnavalkya said: 'Let us hear what anybody may have told you.' Ganaka Vaideha replied: 'Vidagdha Sakalya told me that the heart (hridaya) is Brahman.' Yagnavalkya said: 'As one who had (the benefit [p. 158] of a good) father, mother, and teacher might tell, so did Vidagdha Sakalya tell you that the heart is Brahman; for what is the use of a person without a heart? But did he tell you the body and the resting-place of that Brahman?' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'He did not tell me.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Your Majesty, this (Brahman) stands on one leg only.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Then tell me, Yagnavalkya.' Yagnavalkya said: 'The heart itself is its body, ether its place, and we should worship it as certainty (sthiti).' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'What is the nature of certainty?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Your Majesty, the heart itself; for the heart indeed, O King, is the body of all things, the heart is the resting-place of all things, for in the heart, O King, all things rest. The heart indeed, O King, is the Highest Brahman. The heart does not desert him who worships that (Brahman) with such knowledge, all creatures approach him, and having become a god, he goes to the gods.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'I shall give you (for this) a thousand cows with a bull as big as an elephant.' Yagnavalkya said: 'My father was of opinion that one should not accept a reward without having fully instructed a pupil.' Footnotes ^152:1 Anv-anta, formed like Sutranta, Siddhanta, and probably Vedanta, means subtle questions. ^152:2 Roer and Poley give here Sailina; Weber also (pp. 1080 and 1081) has twice Sailina (Silinasyapatyam). ^152:3 This seems to mean that Gitvan's explanation of Brahman is lame or imperfect, because there are four padas of that Brahman, and he taught one only. The other three are its body, its place, and its form of worship (pragnetiyam upanishad brahmanas katurthah padah). See also Maitr. Up. VII, p. 221. ^153:1 See before, II, 4, 10; and afterwards, IV, 5, 11. ^153:2 See Taitt. Up. III, 3. ^154:1 Or it may mean, he is afraid of being hurt, to whatever country he goes, for the sake of a livelihood. ^156:1 Dvivedaganga states, digbhago hi parthivadhishthanavakkhinnah srotram ity ukyate, atas tayor ekatvam. ^157:1 See also Taitt. Up. III, 4. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND BRAHMANA. 1. Ganaka Vaideha, descending from his throne, said: 'I bow to you, O Yagnavalkya, teach me.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Your Majesty, as a man who wishes to make a long journey, would furnish himself with a chariot or a ship, thus is your mind well [p. 159] furnished by these Upanishads [*1]. You are honourable, and wealthy, you have learnt the Vedas and been told the Upanishads. Whither then will you go when departing hence?' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Sir, I do not know whither I shall go.' Yagnavalkya said: 'Then I shall tell you this, whither you will go.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Tell it, Sir.' 2. Yagnavalkya said: 'That person who is in the right eye [*2], he is called Indha, and him who is Indha they call indeed [*3] Indra mysteriously, for the gods love what is mysterious, and dislike what is evident. 3. 'Now that which in the shape of a person is in the right eye, is his wife, Virag [*4]. Their meeting-place [*5] is the ether within the heart, and their food the red lump within the heart. Again, their covering [*6] is that which is like net-work within the heart, and the road on which they move (from sleep to waking) is the artery that rises upwards from the heart. Like a hair divided into a thousand parts, so are the veins of it, which are called Hita [*7], placed [p. 160] firmly within the heart. Through these indeed that (food) flows on flowing, and he (the Taigasa) receives as it were purer food [*1] than the corporeal Self (the Vaisvanara). 4. 'His (the Taigasa's) Eastern quarter are the pranas (breath) which go to the East; 'His Southern quarter are the pranas which go to the South; 'His Western quarter are the pranas which go to the West; 'His Northern quarter are the pranas which go to the North; 'His Upper (Zenith) quarter are the pranas which go upward; 'His Lower (Nadir) quarter are the pranas which go downward; 'All the quarters are all the pranas. And he (the Atman in that state) can only be described by No [*2], no! He is incomprehensible, for he cannot be comprehended; he is undecaying, for he cannot decay; he is not attached, for he does not attach himself; he is unbound, he does not suffer, he does not perish. O Ganaka, you have indeed reached fearlessness,'--thus said Yagnavalkya. Then Ganaka said: 'May that fearlessness come to you also who teachest us fearlessness. I bow to you. Here are the Videhas, and here am I (thy slave).' Footnotes ^159:1 This refers to the preceding doctrines which had been communicated to Ganaka by other teachers, and particularly to the upasanas of Brahman as knowledge, dear, true, endless, bliss, and certainty. ^159:2 See also Maitr. Up. VII, p. 216. ^159:3 The Madhyandinas read paroksheneva, but the commentator explains iva by eva. See also Ait. Up. I, 3, 14. ^159:4 Indra is called by the commentator Vaisvanara, and his wife Virag. This couple, in a waking state, is Visva; in sleep, Taigasa. ^159:5 Samstava, lit. the place where they sing praises together, that is, where they meet. ^159:6 Pravarana may also mean hiding-place, retreat. ^159:7 Hita, a name frequently given to these nadis; see IV, 3, 20; Khand. Up. VI, 5, 3, comm.; Kaush. Up. IV, 20. See also Katha Up. VI, 16. ^160:1 Dvivedaganga explains that food, when it is eaten, is first of all changed into the coarse food, which goes away downward, and into the subtler food. This subtler food is again divided into the middle juice that feeds the body, and the finest, which is called the red lump. ^160:2 See Brih. Up. II, 3, 6; IV, 9, 26. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 161] THIRD BRAHMANA. 1. Yagnavalkya came to Ganaka Vaideha, and he did not mean to speak with him [*1]. But when formerly [p. 162] [paragraph continues] Ganaka Vaideha and Yagnavalkya had a disputation on the Agnihotra, Yagnavalkya had granted him a boon, and he chose (for a boon) that he might be free to ask him any question he liked. Yagnavalkya granted it, and thus the King was the first to ask him a question. 2. 'Yagnavalkya,' he said, 'what is the light of man [*1]?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'The sun, O King; for, having the sun alone for his light, man sits, moves about, does his work, and returns.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'So indeed it is, O Yagnavalkya.' 3. Ganaka Vaideha said: 'When the sun has set, O Yagnavalkya, what is then the light of man?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'The moon indeed is his light; for, having the moon alone for his light, man sits, moves about, does his work, and returns.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'So indeed it is, O Yagnavalkya.' 4. Ganaka Vaideha said: 'When the sun has set, O Yagnavalkya, and the moon has set, what is the light of man?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Fire indeed is his light; [p. 163] for, having fire alone for his light, man sits, moves about, does his work, and returns.' 5. Ganaka Vaideha said: 'When the sun has set, O Yagnavalkya, and the moon has set, and the fire is gone out, what is then the light of man?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'Sound indeed is his light; for, having sound alone for his light, man sits, moves about, does his work, and returns. Therefore, O King, when one cannot see even one's own hand, yet when a sound is raised, one goes towards it.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'So indeed it is, O Yagnavalkya.' 6. Ganaka Vaideha said: 'When the sun has set, O Yagnavalkya, and the moon has set, and the fire is gone out, and the sound hushed, what is then the light of man?' Yagnavalkya said: 'The Self indeed is his light; for, having the Self alone as his light, man sits, moves about, does his work, and returns.' 7. Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Who is that Self?' Yagnavalkya replied: 'He who is within the heart, surrounded by the Pranas [*1] (senses), the person of light, consisting of knowledge. He, remaining the same, wanders along the two worlds [*2], as if [*3] thinking, as if moving. During sleep (in dream) he transcends this world and all the forms of death (all that falls under the sway of death, all that is perishable). 8. 'On being born that person, assuming his body, [p. 164] becomes united with all evils; when he departs and dies, he leaves all evils behind. 9. 'And there are two states for that person, the one here in this world, the other in the other world, and as a third [*1] an intermediate state, the state of sleep. When in that intermediate state, he sees both those states together, the one here in this world, and the other in the other world. Now whatever his admission to the other world may be, having gained that admission, he sees both the evils and the blessings [*2]. 'And when he falls asleep, then after having taken away with him the material from the whole world, destroying [*3] and building it up again, he sleeps (dreams) by his own light. In that state the person is self-illuminated. 10. 'There are no (real) chariots in that state, no horses, no roads, but he himself sends forth (creates) chariots, horses, and roads. There are no blessings there, no happiness, no joys, but he himself sends forth (creates) blessings, happiness, and joys. There [p. 165] are no tanks there, no lakes, no rivers, but he himself sends forth (creates) tanks, lakes, and rivers. He indeed is the maker. 11. 'On this there are these verses: 'After having subdued by sleep all that belongs to the body, he, not asleep himself, looks down upon the sleeping (senses). Having assumed light, he goes again to his place, the golden person [*1], the lonely bird. (1) 12. 'Guarding with the breath (prana, life) the lower nest, the immortal moves away from the nest; that immortal one goes wherever he likes, the golden person, the lonely bird. (2) 13. 'Going up and down in his dream, the god makes manifold shapes for himself, either rejoicing together with women, or laughing (with his friends), or seeing terrible sights. (3) 14. 'People may see his playground [*2] but himself no one ever sees. Therefore they say, Let no one wake a man suddenly, for it is not easy to remedy, if he does not get back (rightly to his body)." 'Here some people (object and) say: "No, this (sleep) is the same as the place of waking, for what he sees while awake, that only he sees when asleep [*3]." [p. 166] No, here (in sleep) the person is self-illuminated (as we explained before).' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'I give you, Sir, a thousand. Speak on for the sake of (my) emancipation.' 15. Yagnavalkya said: 'That (person) having enjoyed himself in that state of bliss (samprasada, deep sleep), having moved about and seen both good and evil, hastens back again as he came, to the place from which he started (the place of sleep), to dream [*1]. And whatever he may have seen there, he is not followed (affected) by it, for that person is not attached to anything.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'So it is indeed, Yagnavalkya. [p. 167] [paragraph continues] I give you, Sir, a thousand. Speak on for the sake of emancipation.' 16. Yagnavalkya said: 'That (person) having enjoyed himself in that sleep (dream), having moved about and seen both good and evil, hastens back again as he came, to the place from which he started, to be awake. And whatever he may have seen there, he is not followed (affected) by it, for that person is not attached to anything.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'So it is indeed, Yagnavalkya. I give you, Sir, a thousand. Speak on for the sake of emancipation.' 17. Yagnavalkya said: 'That (person) having enjoyed himself in that state of waking, having moved about and seen both good and evil, hastens back again as he came, to the place from which he started, to the state of sleeping (dream). 18. 'In fact, as a large fish moves along the two banks of a river, the right and the left, so does that person move along these two states, the state of sleeping and the state of waking. 19. 'And as a falcon, or any other (swift) bird, after he has roamed about here in the air, becomes tired, and folding his wings is carried to his nest, so does that person hasten to that state where, when asleep, he desires no more desires, and dreams no more dreams. 20. 'There are in his body the veins called Hita, which are as small as a hair divided a thousandfold, full of white, blue, yellow, green, and red [*1]. Now [p. 168] when, as it were, they kill him, when, as it were they overcome him, when, as it were, an elephant chases him, when, as it were, he falls into a well, he fancies, through ignorance, that danger which he (commonly) sees in waking. But when he fancies that he is, as it were, a god, or that he is, as it were, a king [*1], or "I am this altogether," that is his highest world [*2]. 21. 'This indeed is his (true) form, free from desires, free from evil, free from fear [*3]. Now as a man, when embraced by a beloved wife, knows nothing that is without, nothing that is within, thus this person, when embraced by the intelligent (pragna) Self, knows nothing that is without, nothing that is within. This indeed is his (true) form, in which his wishes are fulfilled, in which the Self (only) is [p. 169] his wish, in which no wish is left,--free from any sorrow [*1]. 22. 'Then a father is not a father, a mother not a mother, the worlds not worlds, the gods not gods, the Vedas not Vedas. Then a thief is not a thief, a murderer not a murderer [*2], a Kandala [*3] not a Kandala, a Paulkasa [*4] not a Paulkasa, a Sramana [*5] not a Sramana, a Tapasa [*6] not a Tapasa. He is not followed by good, not followed by evil, for he has then overcome all the sorrows of the heart [*7]. 23. 'And when (it is said that) there (in the Sushupti) he does not see, yet he is seeing, though he does not see [*8]. For sight is inseparable from the [p. 170] seer, because it cannot perish. But there is then no second, nothing else different from him that he could see. 24. 'And when (it is said that) there (in the Sushupti) he does not smell, yet he is smelling, though he does not smell. For smelling is inseparable from the smeller, because it cannot perish. But there is then no second, nothing else different from him that he could smell. 25. 'And when (it is said that) there (in the Sushupti) he does not taste, yet he is tasting, though he does not taste. For tasting is inseparable from the taster, because it cannot perish. But there is then no second, nothing else different from him that he could taste. 26. 'And when (it is said that) there (in the Sushupti) he does not speak, yet he is speaking, though he does not speak. For speaking is inseparable from the speaker, because it cannot perish. But there is then no second, nothing else different from him that he could speak. 27. 'And when (it is said that) there (in the Sushupti) he does not hear, yet he is hearing, though he does not hear. For hearing is inseparable from the hearer, because it cannot perish. But. there is then no second, nothing else different from him that he could hear. 28. 'And when (it is said that) there (in the Sushupti) he does not think, yet he is thinking, though he does not think. For thinking is inseparable from the thinker, because it cannot perish. [p. 171] [paragraph continues] But there is then no second, nothing else different from him that he could think. 29. 'And when (it is said that) there (in the Sushupti) he does not touch, yet he is touching, though he does not touch. For touching is inseparable from the toucher, because it cannot perish. But there is then no second, nothing else different from him that he could think. 30. 'And when (it is said that) there (in the Sushupti) he does not know, yet he is knowing, though he does not know. For knowing is inseparable from the knower, because it cannot perish. But there is then no second, nothing else different from him that he could know. 31. 'When (in waking and dreaming) there is, as it were, another, then can one see the other, then can one smell the other, then can one speak to the other, then can one hear the other, then can one think the other, then can one touch the other, then can one know the other. 32. 'An ocean [*1] is that one seer, without any duality; this is the Brahma-world [*2], O King.' Thus did Yagnavalkya teach him. This is his highest goal, this is his highest Success, this is his highest world, this is his highest bliss. All other creatures live on a small portion of that bliss. 33. 'If a man is healthy, wealthy, and lord of others, surrounded by all human enjoyments, that [p. 172] is the highest blessing of men. Now a hundred of these human blessings make one blessing of the fathers who have conquered the world (of the fathers). A hundred blessings of the fathers who have conquered this world make one blessing in the Gandharva world. A hundred blessings in the Gandharva world make one blessing of the Devas by merit (work, sacrifice), who obtain their godhead by merit. A hundred blessings of the Devas by merit make one blessing of the Devas by birth, also (of) a Srotriya [*1] who is without sin, and not overcome by desire. A hundred blessings of the Devas by birth make one blessing in the world of Pragapati, also (of) a Srotriya who is without sin, and not overcome. by desire. A hundred blessings in the world of Pragapati make one blessing in the world of Brahman, also (of) a Srotriya who is without sin, and not overcome by desire. And this is the highest blessing [*2]. 'This is the Brahma-world, O king,' thus spake Yagnavalkya. Ganaka Vaideha said: 'I give you, Sir, a thousand. Speak on for the sake of (my) emancipation.' Then Yagnavalkya was afraid lest the King, having become full of understanding, should drive him from all his positions [*3]. 34. And Yagnavalkya said: 'That (person), having enjoyed himself in that state of sleeping (dream), [p. 173] having moved about and seen both good and bad, hastens back again as he came, to the place from which he started, to the state of waking . 35. 'Now as a heavy-laden carriage moves along groaning, thus does this corporeal Self, mounted by the intelligent Self, move along groaning, when a man is thus going to expire . 36. 'And when (the body) grows weak through old age, or becomes weak through illness, at that time that person, after separating himself from his members, as an Amra (mango), or Udumbara (fig), or Pippala-fruit is separated from the stalk, hastens back again as be came, to the place from which he started, to (new) life. 37. 'And as policemen, magistrates, equerries, and governors wait for a king who is coming back, with food and drink, saying, "He comes back, he approaches," thus do all the elements wait on him who knows this, saying, "That Brahman comes, that Brahman approaches." 38. 'And as policemen, magistrates, equerries, and governors gather round a king who is departing, thus do all the senses (pranas) gather round the Self at the time of death, when a man is thus going to expire.' Footnotes ^161:1 The introduction to this Brahmana has a very peculiar interest, as showing the close coherence of the different portions which together form the historical groundwork of the Upanishads. Ganaka Vaideha and Yagnavalkya are leading characters in the Brihadaranyaka-upanishad, and whenever they meet they seem to converse quite freely, though each retains his own character, and Yagnavalkya honours Ganaka as king quite as much as Ganaka honours Yagnavalkya as a Brahmana. Now in our chapter we read that Yagnavalkya did not wish to enter on a discussion, but that Ganaka was the first to address him (purvam paprakkha). This was evidently considered not quite correct, and an explanation is given, that Ganaka took this liberty because on a former occasion Yagnavalkya had granted him permission to address questions to him, whenever he liked. It might be objected that such an explanation looks very much like an after-thought, and we find indeed that in India itself some of the later commentators tried to avoid the difficulty by dividing the words sa mene na vadishya iti, into sam enena vadishya iti, so that we should have to translate, 'Yagnavalkya came to Ganaka intending to speak with him.' (See Dvivedaganga's Comm. p. 1141.) This is, no doubt, a very ingenious conjecture, which might well rouse the envy of European scholars. But it is no more. The accents decide nothing, because they are changed by different writers, according to their different views of what the Pada text ought to be. What made me prefer the reading which is supported by Sankara and Dvivedaganga, though the latter alludes to the other padakkheda, is that the tmesis, sam enena vadishye, does not occur again, while sa mene is a common phrase. But the most interesting point, as I remarked before, is that this former disputation between Ganaka and Yagnavalkya and the permission granted to the King to ask any question he liked, is not a mere invention to account for the apparent rudeness by which Yagnavalkya is forced to enter on a discussion against his will, but actually occurs in a former chapter. In Satap. Br. XI, 6, 2, 10, we read: tasmai ha Yagnavalkyo varam dadau; sa hovaka, kamaprasna [p. 162] eva me tvayi Yagnavalkyasad iti, tato brahma Ganaka asa. This would show that Ganaka was considered almost like a Brahmana, or at all events enjoyed certain privileges which were supposed to belong to the first caste only. See, for a different view, Deussen, Vedanta, p. 203; Regnaud (Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire de la philosophie de l'Inde), Errata; and Sacred Books of the East, vol. i, p. lxxiii. ^162:1 Read kimgyotir as a Bahuvrihi. Purusha is difficult to translate. It means man, but also the true essence of man, the soul, as we should say, or something more abstract still, the person, as I generally translate it, though a person beyond the Ego. ^163:1 Samipyalakshana saptami, Dvivedaganga. See Brih. Up. IV, 4, 22. ^163:2 In this world, while awake or dreaming; in the other world, while in deep sleep. ^163:3 The world thinks that he thinks, but in reality he does not, he only witnesses the acts of buddhi, or thought. ^164:1 There are really two sthanas or states only; the place where they meet, like the place where two villages meet, belongs to both, but it may be distinguished as a third. Dvivedaganga (p. 1141) uses a curious argument in support of the existence of another world. In early childhood, he says, our dreams consist of the impressions of a former world, later on they are filled with the impressions of our senses, and in old age they contain visions of a world to come. ^164:2 By works, by knowledge, and by remembrance of former things; see Brih. Up. IV, 4, 2. ^164:3 Dividing and separating the material, i.e. the impressions received from this world. The commentator explains matra as a portion of the impressions which are taken away into sleep. 'Destroying' he refers to the body, which in sleep becomes senseless, and 'building up' to the imaginations of dreams. ^165:1 The Madhyandinas read paurusha, as an adjective to ekahamsa, but Dvivedaganga explains paurusha as a synonym of purusha, which is the reading of the Kanvas. ^165:2 Cf. Susruta III, 7, 1. ^165:3 I have translated this according to the commentator, who says: 'Therefore the Self is self-illuminated during sleep. But others say the state of waking is indeed the same for him as sleep; there is no other intermediate place, different from this and from the other world.... And if sleep is the same as the state of waking, then is this Self not separate, not cause and effect, but mixed with them, and the Self therefore not self-illuminated. What he means [p. 166] is that others, in order to disprove the self-illumination, say that this sleep is the same as the state of waking, giving as their reason that we see in sleep or in dreams exactly what we see in waking. But this is wrong, because the senses have stopped, and only when the senses have stopped does one see dreams. Therefore there is no necessity for admitting another light in sleep, but only the light inherent in the Self. This has been proved by all that went before.' Dr. Roer takes the same view in his translation, but Deussen (Vedanta, p. 205) takes an independent view, and translates: I Therefore it is said: It (sleep) is to him a place of waking only, for what he sees waking, the same he sees in sleep. Thus this spirit serves there for his own light.' Though the interpretations of Sankara and Dvivedaganga sound artificial, still Dr. Deussen's version does not remove all difficulties. If the purusha saw in sleep no more than what he had seen before in waking, then the whole argument in favour of the independent action, or the independent light of the purusha, would go; anyhow it would be no argument on Yagnavalkya's side. See also note to paragraph 9, before. ^166:1 The Madhyandinas speak only of his return from svapnanta to buddhanta, from sleep to waking, instead of his going from sainprasada (deep sleep) to svapna (dream), from svapna to buddhanta, and from buddhanta again to svapnanta, as the Kanvas have it. In section 18 the Kanvas also mention svapnanta and buddhanta only, but the next paragraph refers to sushupti. ^167:1 Dvivedaganga explains that if phlegm predominates, qualified by wind and bile, the juice in the veins is white; if wind predominates, qualified by phlegm and bile, it is blue; if bile predominates, qualified by wind and phlegm, it is yellow; if wind and phlegm [p. 168] predominate, with little bile only, it is green; and if the three elements are equal, it is red. See also Anandagiri's gloss, where Susruta is quoted. Why this should be inserted here, is not quite clear, except that in sleep the purusha is supposed to, move about in the veins. ^168:1 Here, again, the commentator seems to be right, but his interpretation does violence to the context. The dangers which a man sees in his sleep are represented as mere imaginations, so is his idea of being of god or a king, while the idea that he is all this (aham evedam sarvah, i.e. idam sarvam, see Sankara, p. 873, l. 11) is represented as the highest and real state. But it is impossible to begin a new sentence with aham evedam sarvam, and though it is true that all the preceding fancies are qualified by iva, I prefer to take deva and ragan as steps leading to the sarvatmatva. ^168:2 The Madhyandinas repeat here the sentence from yatra supto to pasyati, from the end of section 19. ^168:3 The Kanva text reads atikkhanda apahatapapma. Sankara explains atikkhanda by atikkhandam, and excuses it as svadhyayadharmah pathah. The Madhyandinas read atikkhando, but place the whole sentence where the Kanvas put aptakamam &c., at the end of section 21. ^169:1 The Kanvas read sokantaram, the Madhyandinas asokantaram, but the commentators arrive at the same result, namely, that it means sokasunyam, free from grief Sankara says: sokantaram sokakkhidram sokasunyam ityetak, khokamadhyaman iti vi; sarvathapy asokam. Dvivedaganga says: na vidyate soko 'ntare madhye yasya tad asokantaram (ra, Weber) sokasunyam. ^169:2 Bhrunahan, varishthabrabmahanta. ^169:3 The son of a Sudra father and a Brahmana mother. ^169:4 The son of a Sudra father and a Kshatriya mother. ^169:5 A mendicant. ^169:6 A Vanaprastha, who performs penances. ^169:7 I have translated as if the text were ananvagatah punyena ananvagatah papena. We find anvagata used in a similar way in section section 15, 16, &c. But the Kanvas read ananvagatam punyena ananvagatam papena, and Sankara explains the neuter by referring it to rupam (rupaparatvan napumsakalingam). The Madhyandinas, if we may trust Weber's edition, read ananvagatah punyenanvagatah papena. The second anvagatah may be a mere misprint, but Dvivedaganga seems to have read ananvagatam, like the Kanvas, for he says: ananvagatam iti rupavishayo napumsakanirdesah. ^169:8 This is the old Upanishad argument that the true sense is the Self, and not the eye. Although therefore in the state of profound sleep, where the eye and the other senses rest, it might be said that the purusha does not see, yet he is a seer all the time, though he does not see with the eye. The seer cannot lose his character [p. 170] of seeing, as little as the fire can lose its character of burning, so long as it is fire. The Self sees by its own light, like the sun, even where there is no second, no object but the Self, that could be seen. ^171:1 Salila is explained as salilavat, like the ocean, the seer being one like the ocean, which is one only. Dr. Deussen takes salila as a locative, and translates it 'In dem Gewoge,' referring to Svetasvatara-upanishad VI, 15. ^171:2 Or this seer is the Brahma-world, dwells in Brahman, or is Brahman. ^172:1 An accomplished student of the Veda. ^172:2 See Taitt. Up. II, 8, p. 59; Khand. Up. VIII, 2, 1-10; Kaush. Up. I, 3-5; Regnaud, II, p. 33 seq. ^172:3 Sankara explains that Yagnavalkya was not afraid that his own knowledge might prove imperfect, but that the king, having the right to ask him any question he liked, might get all his knowledge from him. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FOURTH BRAHMANA. 1. Yagnavalkya continued: 'Now when that Self, having sunk into weakness [*3], sinks, as it were, into [p. 174] unconsciousness, then gather those senses (pranas) around him, and he, taking with him those elements of light, descends into the heart When that person in the eye [*1] turns away, then he ceases to know any forms. 2. '"He has become one," they say, "he does not see [*2]." "He has become one," they say, "he does not smell." "He has become one," they say, "he does not taste." "He has become one," they say, "he does not speak." "He has become one," they say, "he does not hear." "He has become one," they say, "he does not think." "He has become one," they say, "he does not touch." "He has become one," they say, "he does not know." The point of his heart [*3] becomes lighted up, and by that light the Self departs, either through the eye [*4], or through the skull [*5], or through other places of the body. And when he thus departs, life (the chief prana) departs after him, and when life thus departs, all the other [p. 175] vital spirits (pranas) depart after it. He is conscious, and being conscious he follows [*1] and departs. 'Then both his knowledge and his work take hold of him, and his acquaintance with former things [*2].' 3. 'And as a caterpillar, after having reached the end of a blade of grass, and after having made another approach (to another blade) [*3], draws itself together towards it, thus does this Self, after having thrown off this body [*4] and dispelled all ignorance, and after making another approach (to another body), draw himself together towards it. 4. And as a goldsmith, taking a piece of gold, turns it into another, newer and more beautiful shape, so does this Self, after having thrown off this body [p. 176] and dispelled all ignorance, make unto himself another, newer and more beautiful shape, whether it be like the Fathers, or like the Gandharvas, or like the Devas, or like Pragapati, or like Brahman, or like other beings. 5. 'That Self is indeed Brahman, consisting of knowledge, mind, life, sight, hearing, earth, water, wind, ether, light and no light, desire and no desire, anger and no anger, right or wrong, and all things. Now as a man is like this or like that [*1], according as he acts and according as he behaves, so will he be:--a man of good acts will become good, a man of bad acts, bad. He becomes pure by pure deeds, bad by bad deeds. 'And here they say that a person consists of desires. And as is his desire, so is his will; and as is his will, so is his deed; and whatever deed he does, that he will reap. 6. 'And here there is this verse: "To whatever object a man's own mind is attached, to that he goes strenuously together with his deed; and having obtained the end (the last results) of whatever deed he does here on earth, he returns again from that world (which is the temporary reward of his deed) to this world of action." 'So much for the man who desires. But as to the man who does not desire, who, not desiring, freed from desires, is satisfied in his desires, or desires the Self only, his vital spirits do not depart elsewhere,--being Brahman, he goes to Brahman. 7. 'On this there is this verse: "When all desires [p. 177] which once entered his heart are undone, then does the mortal become immortal, then he obtains Brahman. 'And as the slough of a snake lies on an ant-hill, dead and cast away, thus lies this body; but that disembodied immortal spirit (prana, life) is Brahman only, is only light.' Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Sir, I give you a thousand.' 8 [*1]. 'On this there are these verses: 'The small, old path stretching far away [*2] has been found by me. On it sages who know Brahman move on to the Svarga-loka (heaven), and thence higher on, as entirely free [*3]. 9. 'On that path they say that there is white, or blue, or yellow, or green, or red [*4]; that path was found by Brahman, and on it goes whoever knows Brahman, and who has done good, and obtained splendour. 10. 'All who worship what is not knowledge (avidya) enter into blind darkness: those who delight in knowledge, enter, as it were, into greater darkness [*5]. 11. 'There are [*6] indeed those unblessed worlds, [p. 178] covered with blind darkness. Men who are ignorant and not enlightened go after death to those worlds. 12. 'If a man understands the Self, saying, "I am He," what could he wish or desire that he should pine after the body [*1]. 13. 'Whoever has found and understood the Self that has entered into this patched-together hiding-place [*2], he indeed is the creator, for he is the maker of everything, his is the world, and he is the world itself [*3]. 14. 'While we are here, we may know this; if not, I am ignorant [*4], and there is great destruction. Those who know it, become immortal, but others suffer pain indeed. 15. 'If a man clearly beholds this Self as God, and as the lord of all that is and will be, then he is no more afraid. 16. 'He behind whom the year revolves with the days, him the gods worship as the light of lights, as immortal time. 17. 'He in whom the five beings [*5] and the ether rest, him alone I believe to be the Self,--I who [p. 179] know, believe him to be Brahman; I who am immortal, believe him to be immortal. 18. 'They who know the life of life, the eye of the eye, the ear of the ear, the mind of the mind, they have comprehended the ancient, primeval Brahman [*1]. 19. 'By the mind alone it is to be perceived [*2], there is in it no diversity. He who perceives therein any diversity, goes from death to death. 20. 'This eternal being that can never be proved, is to be perceived in one way only; it is spotless, beyond the ether, the unborn Self, great and eternal. 21. 'Let a wise Brahmana, after he has discovered him, practise wisdom [*3]. Let him not seek after many words, for that is mere weariness of the tongue. 22. 'And he is that great unborn Self, who consists of knowledge, is surrounded by the Pranas, the ether within the heart [*4]. In it there reposes the ruler of all, the lord of all, the king of all. He does not become greater by good works, nor smaller by evil works. He is the lord of all, the king of all things, the protector of all things. He is a bank [*5] and a boundary, so that these worlds may not be confounded. Brahmanas seek to know him by the study of the Veda, by sacrifice, by gifts, by penance, by fasting, and he who knows him, becomes a Muni. Wishing for that world (for Brahman) only, mendicants leave their homes. 'Knowing this, the people of old did not wish for offspring. What shall we do with offspring, they said, [p. 180] we who have this Self and this world (of Brahman) [*1]? And they, having risen above the desire for sons, wealth, and new worlds, wander about as mendicants. For desire for sons is desire for wealth, and desire for wealth is desire for worlds. Both these are indeed desires only. He, the Self, is to be described by No, no [*2]! He is incomprehensible, for he cannot be comprehended; he is imperishable, for he cannot perish; he is unattached, for he does not attach himself; unfettered, he does not suffer, he does not fail. Him (who knows), these two do not overcome, whether he says that for some reason he has done evil, or for some reason he has done good--he overcomes both, and neither what he has done, nor what he has omitted to do, burns (affects) him. 23. 'This has been told by a verse (Rik): "This eternal greatness of the Brahmana does not grow larger by work, nor does it grow smaller. Let man try to find (know) its trace, for having found (known) it, he is not sullied by any evil deed." 'He therefore that knows it, after having become quiet, subdued, satisfied, patient, and collected [*3], sees self in Self, sees all as Self. Evil does not overcome him, he overcomes all evil. Evil does not burn him, he burns all evil. Free from evil, free from spots, free from doubt, he becomes a (true) Brahmana; this is the Brahma-world, O King,'--thus spoke Yagnavalkya. Ganaka Vaideha said: 'Sir, I give you the Videhas, and also myself, to be together your slaves.' 24. This [*4] indeed is the great, the unborn Self, the [p. 181] strong [*1], the giver of wealth. He who knows this obtains wealth. 25. This great, unborn Self, undecaying, undying, immortal, fearless, is indeed Brahman. Fearless is Brahman, and he who knows this becomes verily the fearless Brahman. Footnotes ^173:1 See section 17, before. ^173:2 Sankara seems to take ukkhvasi as a noun. He writes: yatraitad bhavati; etad iti kriyaviseshanam urdhvokhhvasi yatrordhvokkhvasitvam asya bhavatityarthah. ^173:3 In the Kaush. Up. III, 3, we read yatraitat purusha arto [p. 174] marishyan abalyam etya sammohati. Here abalyam should certainly be abalyam, as in the commentary; but should it not be abalyam, as here. See also Brih. Up. III, 5, 1, note. ^174:1 Kakshusha purusha is explained as that portion of the sun which is in the eye, while it is active, but which, at the time of death, returns to the sun. ^174:2 Ekibhavati is probably a familiar expression for dying, but it is here explained by Sankara, and probably was so intended, as meaning that the organs of the body have become one with the Self (lingatman). The same thoughts are found in the Kaush. Up. III, 3, prana ekadha bhavati. ^174:3 The point where the nadis or veins go out from the heart. ^174:4 When his knowledge and deeds qualify him to proceed to the sun. Sankara. ^174:5 When his knowledge and deeds qualify him to proceed to the Brahma-world. ^175:1 This is an obscure passage, and the different text of the Madhyandinas shows that the obscurity was felt at an early time. The Madhyandinas read: Samgnanam anvavakramati sa esha gnah savignano bhavati. This would mean, 'Consciousness departs after. He the knowing (Self) is self-conscious.' The Kanvas read: Savignano bhavati, savignanam evanvavakramati. Roer translates: 'It is endowed with knowledge, endowed with knowledge it departs;' and he explains, with Sankara, that the knowledge here intended is such knowledge as one has in a dream, a knowledge of impressions referring to their respective objects, a knowledge which is the effect of actions, and not inherent in the self. Deussen translates: 'Sie (die Seele) ist von Erkenntnissart, und was von Erkenntnissart ist, ziehet ihr nach.' The Persian translator evidently thought that self-consciousness was implied, for he writes: 'Cum quovis corpore addictionem sumat . . . . in illo corpore aham est, id est, ego sum.' ^175:2 This acquaintance with former things is necessary to explain the peculiar talents or deficiencies which we observe in children. The three words vidya, karman, and purvapragna often go together (see Sankara on Brih. Up. IV, 3, 9). Deussen's conjecture, apurvapragna, is not called for. ^175:3 See Brih. Up. IV, 3, 9, a passage which shows how difficult it would be always to translate the same Sanskrit words by the same words in English; see also Brahmopanishad, p. 245. ^175:4 See Brih. Up. IV, 3, 9, and IV, 3, 13 ^176:1 The iti after adomaya is not clear to me, but it is quite clear that a new sentence begins with tadyadetat, which Regnaud, II, p. 101 and p. 139, has not observed. ^177:1 This may be independent matter, or may be placed again into the mouth of Yagnavalkya. ^177:2 Instead of vitatah, which perhaps seemed to be in contradiction with anu there is a Madhyandina reading vitara, probably intended originally to mean leading across. The other adjective mamsprishta I cannot explain. Sankara explains it by mam sprishtah, maya labdhah. ^177:3 That this is the true meaning, is indicated by the various readings of the Madhyandinas, tena dhira apiyanti brahmavida utkramya svargam lokam ito vimuktah. The road is not to lead to Svarga only, but beyond. ^177:4 See the colours of the veins as given before, IV, 3, 20. ^177:5 See Vag. Up. 9. Sankara in our place explains avidya by works, and vidya by the Veda, excepting the Upanishads. ^177:6 See Vag. Up. 3; Katha Up. I. 3. ^178:1 That he should be willing to suffer once more the pains inherent in the body. The Madhyandinas read sariram anu samkaret, instead of sangvaret. ^178:2 The body is meant, and is called deha from the root dih, to knead together. Roer gives samdehye gahane, which Sankara explains by samdehe. Poley has samdeghe, which is the right Kanva reading. The Madhyandinas read samdehe. Gahane might be taken as an adjective also, referring to samdehe. ^178:3 Sankara takes loka, world, for atma, self. ^178:4 I have followed Sankara in translating avedih by ignorant, but the text seems corrupt. ^178:5 The five ganas, i.e. the Gandharvas, Pitris, Devas, Asuras, and Rakshas; or the four castes with the Nishadas; or breath, eye, ear, food, and mind. ^179:1 See Talavak. Up. I, 2. ^179:2 See Katha Up. IV, 10-11. ^179:3 Let him practise abstinence, patience, &c., which are the means of knowledge. ^179:4 See Brih. Up. IV, 3, 7. ^179:5 See Khand. Up. VIII, 4. ^180:1 Cf. Brih. Up. III, 5, 1. ^180:2 See Brih. Up. III, 9, 26; IV, 2, 4. ^180:3 See Deussen, Vedanta, p. 85. ^180:4 As described in the dialogue between Ganaka and Yagnavalkya. ^181:1 Annada is here explained as 'dwelling in all beings, and eating all food which they eat.' The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FIFTH BRAHMANA [*2]. 1. Yagnavalkya had two wives, Maitreyi and Katyayani. Of these Maitreyi was conversant with Brahman, but Katyayani possessed such knowledge only as women possess. And Yagnavalkya, when he wished to get ready for another state of life (when he wished to give up the state of a householder, and retire into the forest), 2. Said, 'Maitreyi, verily I am going away from this my house (into the forest). Forsooth, let me make a settlement between thee and that Katyayani.' 3. Maitreyi said: 'My Lord, if this whole earth, full of wealth, belonged to me, tell me, should I be immortal by it, or no?' 'No,' replied Yagnavalkya, 'like the life of rich people will be thy life. But there is no hope of immortality by wealth.' 4. And Maitreyi said: 'What should I do with that by which I do not become immortal? What my Lord knoweth [*3] (of immortality), tell that clearly to me.' 5. Yagnavalkya replied: 'Thou who art truly dear to me, thou hast increased what is dear (to me in [p. 182] thee) [*1]. Therefore, if you like, Lady, I will explain it to thee, and mark well what I say.' 6. And he said: 'Verily, a husband is not dear, that you may love the husband; but that you may love the Self, therefore a husband is dear. 'Verily, a wife is not dear, that you may love the wife; but that you may love the Self, therefore a wife is dear. 'Verily, sons are not dear, that you may love the sons; but that you may love the Self, therefore sons are dear. 'Verily, wealth is not dear, that you may love wealth; but that you may love the Self, therefore wealth is dear. 'Verily, cattle [*2] are not dear, that you may love cattle; but that you may love the Self, therefore cattle are dear. 'Verily, the Brahman-class is not dear, that you may love the Brahman-class; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Brahman-class is dear. 'Verily, the Kshatra-class is not dear, that you may love the Kshatra-class; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Kshatra-class is dear. 'Verily, the worlds are not dear, that you may love the worlds; but that you may love the Self, therefore the worlds are dear. 'Verily, the Devas are not dear, that you may love the Devas; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Devas are dear. [p. 183] 'Verily, the Vedas are not dear, that you may love the Vedas; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Vedas are dear. 'Verily, creatures are not dear, that you may love the creatures; but that you may love the Self, therefore are creatures dear. 'Verily, everything is not dear, that you may love everything; but that you may love the Self, therefore everything is dear. 'Verily, the Self is to be seen, to be heard, to be perceived, to be marked, O Maitreyi! When the Self has been seen, heard, perceived, and known, then all this is known! 7. 'Whosoever looks for the Brahman-class elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the Brahman-class. Whosoever looks for the Kshatra-class elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the Kshatra-class. Whosoever looks for the worlds elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the worlds. Whosoever looks for the Devas elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the Devas. Whosoever looks for the Vedas elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the Vedas. Whosoever looks for the creatures elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the creatures. Whosoever looks for anything elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by anything. 'This Brahman-class, this Kshatra-class, these worlds, these Devas, these Vedas, all these beings, this everything, all is that Self. 8. 'Now as the sounds of a drum, when beaten, cannot be seized externally (by themselves), but the sound is seized, when the drum is seized, or the beater of the drum; [p. 184] 9. 'And as the sounds of a conch-shell, when blown, cannot be seized externally (by themselves), but the sound is seized, when the shell is seized, or the blower of the shell; 10. 'And as the sounds of a lute, when played, cannot be seized externally (by themselves), but the sound is seized, when the lute is seized, or the player of the lute; 11. 'As clouds of smoke proceed by themselves out of lighted fire kindled with damp fuel, thus verily, O Maitreyi, has been breathed forth from this great Being what we have as Rig-veda, Yagur-veda, Sama-veda, Atharvangirasas, Itihasa, Purana, Vidya, the Upanishads, Slokas, Sutras, Anuvyakhyanas, Vyakhyanas, what is sacrificed, what is poured out, food, drink [*1], this world and the other world, and all creatures. From him alone all these were breathed forth. 12. 'As all waters find their centre in the sea, all touches in the skin, all tastes in the tongue, all smells in the nose, all colours in the eye, all sounds in the ear, all percepts in the mind, all- knowledge in the heart, all actions in the hands, all movements in the feet, and all the Vedas in speech,-- 13. 'As a mass of salt has neither inside nor outside, but is altogether a mass of taste, thus indeed has that Self neither inside nor outside, but is altogether a mass of knowledge; and having risen from out these elements, vanishes again in them. When he has departed, there is no more knowledge (name), I say, O Maitreyi,'--thus spoke Yagnavalkya. [p. 185] 14. Then Maitreyi said: 'Here, Sir, thou hast landed me in utter bewilderment. Indeed, I do not understand him.' But he replied: 'O Maitreyi, I say nothing that is bewildering. Verily, beloved, that Self is imperishable, and of an indestructible nature. 15. 'For when there is as it were duality, then one sees the other, one smells the other, one tastes the other, one salutes the other, one hears the other, one perceives the other, one touches the other, one knows the other; but when the Self only is all this, how should he see another, how should he smell another, how should he taste another, how should he salute another, how should he hear another, how should he touch another, how should he know another? How should he know Him by whom he knows all this? That Self is to be described by No, no ! He is incomprehensible, for he cannot be comprehended; he is imperishable, for he cannot perish; he is unattached, for he does not attach himself; unfettered, he does not suffer, he does not fail. How, O beloved, should he know the Knower? Thus, O Maitreyi, thou hast been instructed. Thus far goes immortality.' Having said so, Yagnavalkya went away (into the forest). Footnotes ^181:2 See before, II, 4. ^181:3 The Kanva text has vettha instead of veda. ^182:1 The Kanva text has avridhat, which Sankara explains by vardhitavati nirdharitavaty asi. The Madhyandinas read avritat, which the commentator explains by avartayat, vartitavaty asi. ^182:2 Though this is added here, it is not included in the summing up in section 6. ^184:1 Explained by annadananimittam and peyadananimittam dharmagatam. See before, IV, 1, 2. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SIXTH BRAHMANA. 1. Now follows the stem [*2]: 1. (We) from Pautimashya, 2. Pautimashya, from Gaupavana, 3. Gaupavana from Pautimashya, [p. 186] 4. Pautimashya from Gaupavana, 5. Gaupavana from Kausika, 6. Kausika from Kaundinya, 7. Kaundinya from Sandilya, 8. Sandilya from Kausika and Gautama, 9. Gautama 2. from Agnivesya, 10. Agnivesya from Gargya, 11. Gargya from Gargya, 12. Gargya from Gautama, 13. Gautama from Saitava, 14. Saitava from Parasaryayana, 15. Parasaryayana from Gargyayana, 16. Gargyayana from Uddalakayana, 17. Uddalakayana from Gabalayana, 18. Gabalayana from Madhyandanayana, 19. Madhyandanayana from Saukarayana, 20. Saukarayana from Kashayana, 21. Kashayana from Sayakayana, 22. Sayakayana from Kausikayani [*1], 23. Kausikayani 3. from Ghritakausika, 24. Ghritakausika from Parasaryayana, [p. 187] 25. Parasaryayana from Parasarya, 26. Parasarya from Gatukarnya, 27. Gatukarnya from Asurayana and Yaska [*1], 28. Asurayana from Travani, 29. Travani from Aupagandhani, 30. Aupagandhani from Asuri, 31. Asuri from Bharadvaga, 32. Bharadvaga from Atreya, 33. Atreya from Manti, 34. Manti from Gautama, 35. Gautama from Gautama, 36. Gautama from Vatsya, 37. Vatsya from Sandilya, 38. Sandilya from Kaisorya Kapya, 39. Kaisorya Kapya from Kumaraharita, 40. Kumaraharita from Galava, 41. Galava from Vidarbhi-kaundinya, 42. Vidarbhi-kaundinya from Vatsanapat Babhrava, 43. Vatsanapat Babhrava from Pathi Saubhara, 44. Pathi Saubhara from Ayasya Angirasa, 45. Ayasya Angirasa from Abhuti Tvashtra, 46. Abhuti Tvashtra from Visvarupa Tvashtra, 47. Visvarupa Tvashtra from Asvinau, 48. Asvinau from Dadhyak Atharvana, 49. Dadhyak Atharvana from Atharvan Daiva, 50. Atharvan Daiva from Mrityu Pradhvamsana, 51. Mrityu Pradhvamsana from Pradhvamsana, 52. Pradhvamsana from Ekarshi, 53. Ekarshi from Viprakitti [*2], 54. Viprakitti from Vyashti, [p. 188] 55. Vyashti from Sanaru, 56. Sanaru from Sanatana, 57. Sanatana from Sanaga, 58. Sanaga from Parameshthin, 59. Parameshthin from Brahman, 60. Brahman is Svayambhu, self-existent. Adoration to Brahman. Footnotes ^185:1 See Brih. Up. III, 9, 26; IV, 2, 4; IV, 4, 22. ^185:2 The line of teachers and pupils by whom the Yagnavalkya-kanda [p. 186] was handed down. From 1-10 the Vamsa agrees with the Vamsa at the end of II, 6. The Madhyandina text begins with vayam, we, and proceeds to 1. Saurpanayya, 2. Gautama, 3. Vatsya, 4. Parasarya, &c., as in the Madhukanda, p. 118, except in 10, where it gives Gaivantayana for Atreya. Then after 12. Kaundinyayana, it gives 13. 14. the two Kaundinyas, 15. the Aurnavabhas, 16. Kaundinya, 17. Kaundinya, 18. Kaundinya and Agnivesya, 19. Saitava, 20. Parasarya, 2 1. Gatukarnya, 22. Bharadvaga, 2 3. Bharadvaga, Asurayana, and Gautama, 24. Bharadvaga, 25. Valakakausika, 26. Kashayana, 27. Saukarayana, 28. Traivani, 29. Aupagandhani, 30. Sayakayana, p. Kausikayani, &c., as in the Kanva text, from No. 22 to Brahman. ^186:1 From here the Vamsa agrees again with that given at the end of II, 6. ^187:1 The Madhyandina text has, 1. Bharadvaga, 2. Bharadvaga, Asurayana, and Yaska. ^187:2 Vipragitti, Madhyandina text. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 189] FIFTH ADHYAYA. FIRST BRAHMANA [*1]. 1. That (the invisible Brahman) is full, this (the visible Brahman) is full} [*2]. This full (visible Brahman) proceeds from that full (invisible Brahman). On grasping the fulness of this full (visible Brahman) there is left that full (invisible Brahman) [*3]. Om (is) ether, (is) Brahman [*4]. 'There is the old ether (the invisible), and the (visible) ether of the atmosphere,' thus said Kauravyayaniputra. This (the Om) is the Veda (the means of knowledge), thus the Brahmanas know. One knows through it all that has to be known. Footnotes ^189:1 This is called a Khila, or supplementary chapter, treating of various auxiliary means of arriving at a knowledge of Brahman. ^189:2 Full and filling, infinite. ^189:3 On perceiving the true nature of the visible world., there remains, i.e. there is perceived at once, as underlying it, or as being it, the invisible world or Brahman. This and the following paragraph are called Mantras. ^189:4 This is explained by Sankara as meaning, Brahman is Kha, the ether, and called Om, i.e. Om and Kha are predicates of Brahman. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND BRAHMANA. 1. The threefold descendants of Pragapati, gods, men, and Asuras (evil spirits), dwelt as; Brahmakarins (students) with their father Pragapati. Having finished their studentship the gods said: 'Tell us (something), Sir.' He told them the syllable Da. Then he said: 'Did you understand?' They said: 'We did understand. You told us "Damyata," Be subdued.' 'Yes,' he said, 'you have understood.' 2. Then the men said to him: 'Tell us something, [p. 190] [paragraph continues] Sir.' He told them the same syllable Da. Then he said: 'Did you understand?' They said: 'We did understand. You told us, "Datta," Give.' 'Yes,' he said, 'you have understood.' 3. Then the Asuras said to him: 'Tell us something, Sir.' He told them the same syllable Da. Then he said: 'Did you understand?' They said: 'We did understand. You told us, "Dayadham," Be merciful.' 'Yes,' he said, 'you have understood.' The divine voice of thunder repeats the same, Da Da Da, that is, Be subdued, Give, Be merciful. Therefore let that triad be taught, Subduing, Giving, and Mercy. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com THIRD BRAHMANA. 1. Pragapati is the heart, is this Brahman, is all this. The heart, hridaya, consists of three syllables. One syllable is hri, and to him who knows this, his own people and others bring offerings [*1]. One syllable is da, and to him who knows this, his own people and others bring gifts. One syllable is yam, and he who knows this, goes to heaven (svarga) as his world. Footnotes ^190:1 Sankara explains that with regard to the heart, i.e. buddhi, the senses are 'its own people,' and the objects of the senses 'the others.' The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FOURTH BRAHMANA. 1. This (heart) indeed is even that, it was indeed the true [*2] (Brahman). And whosoever knows this great glorious first-born as the true Brahman, he conquers these worlds, and conquered likewise may that (enemy) be [*3]! yes, whosoever knows this great [p. 191] glorious first-born as the true Brahman; for Brahman is the true. Footnotes ^190:2 The true, not the truth; the truly existing. The commentator explains it as it was explained in II, 3, 1, as sat and tya, containing both sides of the Brahman. ^190:3 An elliptical expression, as explained by the commentator: May that one (his enemy) be conquered, just as that one was [p. 191] conquered by Brahman. If he conquers the world, how much more his enemy 1' It would be better, however, if we could take gita in the sense of vasikrita or danta, because we could then go on with ya evam veda. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FIFTH BRAHMANA. 1. In the beginning this (world) was water. Water produced the true [*1], and the true is 'Brahman. Brahman produced Pragapati [*2], Pragapati the Devas (gods). The Devas adore the true (satyam) alone. This satyam consists of three syllables. One syllable is sa, another t(i), the third [*3] yam. The first and last syllables are true, in the middle there is the untrue [*4]. This untrue is on both sides enclosed by the true, and thus the true preponderates. The untrue does not hurt him who knows this. 2. Now what is the true, that is the Aditya (the sun), the person that dwells in yonder orb, and the person in the right eye. These two rest on each other, the former resting with his rays in the latter, the latter with his pranas (senses) in the former. When the latter is on the point of departing this life, he sees that orb as white only, and those rays (of the sun) do not return to him. [p. 192] 3. Now of the person in that (solar) orb Bhuh is the head, for the head is one, and that syllable is one; Bhuvah the two arms, for the arms are two, and these syllables are two; Svar the foot, for the feet are two, and these syllables are two [*1]. Its secret name is Ahar (day), and he who knows this destroys (hanti) evil and leaves (gahati) it. 4. Of the person in the right eye Bhuh is the head, for the head is one, and that syllable is one; Bhuvah the two arms, for the arms are two, and these syllables are two; Svar the foot, for the feet are two, and these syllables are two. Its secret name is Aham (ego), and he who knows this, destroys (hanti) evil and leaves (gahati) it. Footnotes ^191:1 Here explained by the commentator as Putratmaka Hiranyagarbha. ^191:2 Here explained as Virag. ^191:3 Satyam is often pronounced satiam, as trisyllabic. Sankara, however, takes the second syllable as t only, and explains the i after it as an anubandha. The Kanva text gives the three syllables as sa, ti, am, which seems preferable; cf. Khand. Up. VIII, 3, 5; Taitt. Up. II, 6. ^191:4 This is explained by a mere play on the letters, sa and ya having nothing in common with mrityu, death, whereas t occurs in mrityu and anrita. Dvivedaganga takes sa and am as true, because they occur in satya and amrita, and not in mrityu, while ti is untrue, because the t occurs in mrityu and amrita. ^192:1 Svar has to be pronounced suvar. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SIXTH BRAHMANA. 1. That person, under the form of mind (manas), being light indeed [*2], is within the heart, small like a grain of rice or barley. He is the ruler of all, the lord of all--he rules all this, whatsoever exists. Footnotes ^192:2 Bhahsatya must be taken as one word, as the commentator says, bha eva satyam sadbhavah svarupam yasya so 'yam bhahsatyo bhasvarah. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SEVENTH BRAHMANA. 1. They say that lightning is Brahman, because lightning (vidyut) is called so from cutting off (vidanat) [*3]. Whosoever knows this, that lightning is Brahman, him (that Brahman) cuts off from evil, for lightning indeed is Brahman. Footnotes ^192:3 From do, avakhandane, to cut; the lightning cutting through the darkness of the clouds, as Brahman, when known, cuts through the darkness of ignorance. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 193] EIGHTH BRAHMANA. 1. Let him meditate on speech as a cow. Her four udders are the words Svaha, Vashat, Hanta, and Svadha [*1]. The gods live on two of her udders, the Svaha and the Vashat, men on the Hanta, the fathers on the Svadha. The bull of that cow is breath (prana), the calf the mind. Footnotes ^193:1 There are two udders, the Svaha and Vashat, on which the gods feed, i.e. words with which oblations are given to the gods. With Hanta they are given to men, with Svadha to the fathers. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com NINTH BRAHMANA. 1. Agni Vaisvanara, is the fire within man by which the food that is eaten is cooked, i.e. digested. Its noise is that which one hears, if one covers one's ears. When he is on the point of departing this life, he does not hear that noise. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com TENTH BRAHMANA. 1. When the person goes away from this world, he comes to the wind. Then the wind makes room for him, like the hole of a carriage wheel, and through it he mounts higher. He comes to the sun. Then the sun makes room for him, like the hole of a Lambara [*2], and through it he mounts higher. He comes to the moon. Then the moon makes room for him, like the hole of a drum, and through it he mounts higher, and arrives at the world where there is no sorrow, no snow [*3]. There he dwells eternal years. Footnotes ^193:2 A musical instrument. ^193:3 The commentator explains hima by bodily pain, but snow is much more characteristic. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 194] ELEVENTH BRAHMANA. This is indeed the highest penance, if a man, laid up with sickness, suffers pain [*1]. He who knows this, conquers the highest world. This is indeed the highest penance, if they carry a dead person into the forest [*2]. He who knows this, conquers the highest world. This is indeed the highest penance, if they place a dead person on the fire [*3]. He who knows this, conquers the highest world. Footnotes ^194:1 The meaning is that, while he is suffering pain from illness, he should think that he was performing penance. If he does that, he obtains the same reward for his sickness which he would have obtained for similar pain inflicted on himself for the sake of performing penance. ^194:2 This is like the penance of leaving the village and living in the forest. ^194:3 This is like the penance of entering into the fire. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com TWELFTH BRAHMANA. 1. Some say that food is Brahman, but this is not so, for food decays without life (prana). Others say that life (prana) is Brahman, but this is not so, for life dries up without food. Then these two deities (food and life), when they have become one, reach that highest state (i. e. are Brahman). Thereupon Pratrida said to his father: 'Shall I be able to do any good to one who knows this, or shall I be able to do him any harm [*4]?' The father said to him, beckoning with his hand: 'Not so, O Pratrida; for who could reach the highest state, if he has only got to the oneness of these two?' He then said to him: 'Vi; [p. 195] verily, food is Vi, for all these beings rest (vishtani) on food.' He then said: 'Ram; verily, life is Ram, for all these beings delight (ramante) in life. All beings rest on him, all beings delight in him who knows this.' Footnotes ^194:4 That is, is he not so perfect in knowledge that nothing can harm him? The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com THIRTEENTH BRAHMANA. 1. Next follows the Uktha [*1]. Verily, breath (prana) is Uktha, for breath raises up (utthapayati) all this. From him who knows this, there is raised a wise son, knowing the Uktha; he obtains union and oneness with the Uktha. 2. Next follows the Yagus. Verily, breath is Yagus, for all these beings are joined in breath [*2]. For him who knows this, all beings are joined to procure his excellence; he obtains union and oneness with the Yagus. 3. Next follows the Saman. Verily, breath is the Saman, for all these beings meet in breath. For him who knows this, all beings meet to procure his excellence; he obtains union and oneness with the Saman. 4. Next follows the Kshatra. Verily, breath is the Kshatra, for breath is Kshatra, i.e. breath protects (trayate) him from being hurt (kshanitoh). He who knows this, obtains Kshatra (power), which requires no protection; he obtains union and oneness with Kshatra [*3]. Footnotes ^195:1 Meditation on the hymn called uktha. On the uktha, as the principal part in the Mahavrata, see Kaush. Up. III, 3; Ait. Ar. II, 1, 2. The uktha, yagus, saman, &c. are here represented as forms under which prana or life, and indirectly Brahman, is to be meditated on. ^195:2 Without life or breath nothing can join anything else; therefore life is called yagus, as it were yugus. ^195:3 Instead of Kshatram atram, another Sakha, i.e. the Madhyandina, reads Kshatramatram, which Dvivedaganga explains as, he [p. 196] obtains the nature of the Kshatra, or he obtains the Kshatra which protects (Kshatram atram). The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 196] FOURTEENTH BRAHMANA. 1. The words Bhumi (earth), Antariksha (sky), and Dyu [*1] (heaven) form eight syllables. One foot of the Gayatri consists of eight syllables. This (one foot) of it is that (i. e. the three worlds). And he who thus knows that foot of it, conquers as far as the three worlds extend. 2. The Rikas, the Yagumshi, and the Samani form eight syllables. One foot (the second) of the Gayatri consists of eight syllables. This (one foot) of it is that (i.e. the three Vedas, the Rig-veda, Yagur-veda, and Sama-veda). And he who thus knows that foot of it, conquers as far as that threefold knowledge extends. 3. The Prana (the up-breathing), the Apana (the down-breathing), and the Vyana (the back-breathing) form eight syllables. One foot (the third) of the Gayatri consists of eight syllables. This (one foot) of it is that (i. e. the three vital breaths). And he who thus knows that foot of it, conquers as far as there is anything that breathes. And of that (Gayatri, or speech) this indeed is the fourth (turiya), the bright (darsata) foot, shining high above the skies [*2]. What is here called turiya (the fourth) is meant for katurtha (the fourth); what is called darsatam padam (the bright foot) is meant for him who is as it were seen (the person in the sun); and what is called paroragas (he who shines high above the [p. 197] skies) is meant for him who shines higher and higher above every sky. And he who thus knows that foot of the Gayatri, shines thus himself also with happiness and glory. 4. That Gayatri (as described before with its three feet) rests on that fourth foot, the bright one, high above the sky. And that again rests on the True (satyam), and the True is the eye, for the eye is (known to be) true. And therefore even now, if two persons come disputing, the one saying, I saw, the other, I heard, then we should trust the one who says, I saw. And the True again rests on force (balam), and force is life (prana), and that (the True) rests on life [*1]. Therefore they say, force is stronger than the True. Thus does that Gayatri rest with respect to the self (as life). That Gayatri protects (tatre) the vital breaths (gayas); the gayas are the pranas (vital breaths), and it protects them. And because it protects (tatre) the vital breaths (gayas), therefore it is called Gayatri. And that Savitri verse which the teacher teaches [*2], that is it (the life, the prana, and indirectly the Gayatri); and whomsoever he teaches, he protects his vital breaths. 5. Some teach that Savitri as an Anushtubh [*3] verse, saying that speech is Anushtubh, and that we teach [p. 198] that speech. Let no one do this, but let him teach the Gayatri as Savitri [*1]. And even if one who knows this receives what seems to be much as his reward (as a teacher), yet this is not equal to one foot of the Gayatri. 6. If a man (a teacher) were to receive as his fee these three worlds full of all things, he would obtain that first foot of the Gayatri. And if a man were to receive as his fee everything as far as this threefold knowledge extends, he would obtain that second foot of the Gayatri. And if a man were to receive as his fee everything whatsoever breathes, he would obtain that third foot of the Gayatri. But 'that fourth bright foot, shining high above the skies [*2]' cannot be obtained by anybody--whence then could one receive such a fee? 7. The adoration [*3] of that (Gayatri): 'O Gayatri, thou hast one foot, two feet, three feet, four feet [*4]. Thou art footless, for thou art not known. Worship to thy fourth bright foot above the skies.' If [*5] one (who knows this) hates some [p. 199] one and says, 'May he not obtain this,' or 'May this wish not be accomplished to him,' then that wish is not accomplished to him against whom he thus prays, or if he says, 'May I obtain this.' 8. And thus Ganaka Vaideha spoke on this point to Budila Asvatarasvi [*1]: 'How is it that thou who spokest thus as knowing the Gayatri, hast become an elephant and carriest me?' He answered: 'Your Majesty, I did not know its mouth. Agni, fire, is indeed its mouth; and if people pile even what seems much (wood) on the fire, it consumes it all. And thus a man who knows this, even if he commits what seems much evil, consumes it all and becomes pure, clean, and free from decay and death.' Footnotes ^196:1 Dyu, nom. Dyaus, must be pronounced Diyaus. ^196:2 Paronagas, masc., should be taken as one word, like paroksha, viz. he who is beyond all ragas, all visible skies. ^197:1 Sankara understood the True (satyam) by tad, not the balam, the force. ^197:2 The teacher teaches his pupil, who is brought to him when eight years old, the Savitri verse, making him repeat each word, and each half verse, till he knows the whole, and by teaching him that Savitri, he is supposed to teach him really the prana, the life, as the self of the world. ^197:3 The verse would be, Rig-veda V, 82, 1: Tat savitur vrinimahe vayam devasya bhoganam Sreshtham sarvadhatamam turam bhagasya dhimahi. ^198:1 Because Gayatri represents life, and the pupil receives life when be learns the Gayatri. ^198:2 See before, section 2. ^198:3 Upasthana is the act of approaching the gods, proskunesis Angehen, with a view of obtaining a request. Here the application is of two kinds, abhikarika, imprecatory against another, and abhyudayika, auspicious for oneself. The former has two formulas, the latter one. An upasthana is here represented as effective, if connected with the Gayatri. ^198:4 Consisting of the three worlds, the threefold knowledge, the threefold vital breaths, and the fourth foot, as described before. ^198:5 I have translated this paragraph very freely, and differently from Sankara. The question is, whether dvishyat with iti can be used in the sense of abhikara, or imprecation. if not, I do not see how the words should be construed. The expression yasma upatishthate [p. 199] is rightly explained by Dvivedaganga, yadartham evam upatishthate. ^199:1 Asvatarasyasvasyapatyam, Sankara. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FIFTEENTH BRAHMANA. 1. [*2]The face of the True (the Brahman) is covered with a golden disk [*3]. Open that, O Pushan [*4], that we may see the nature of the True [*5]. 2. O Pushan, only seer, Yama (judge), Surya (sun), son of Pragapati [*6], spread thy rays and gather them! [p. 200] The light which is thy fairest form, I see it. I am what he is (viz. the person in the sun). 3. Breath to air and to the immortal! Then this my body ends in ashes. Om! Mind, remember! Remember thy deeds! Mind, remember! Remember thy deeds [*1]! 4. Agni, lead us on to wealth (beatitude) by a good path [*2], thou, O God, who knowest all things! Keep far from us crooked evil, and we shall offer thee the fullest praise! (Rv. I, 189, 1.) Footnotes ^199:2 These verses, which are omitted here in the Madhyandina text, are found at the end of the Vagasaneyi-upanishad 15-18. They are supposed to be a prayer addressed to Aditya by a dying person. ^199:3 Mahidhara on verse 17: The face of the true (purusha in the sun), is covered by a golden disk.' Sankara explains here mukha, face, by mukhyam svarupam, the principal form or nature. ^199:4 Pushan is here explained as a name of Savitri, the sun; likewise all the names in the next verse. ^199:5 Cf. Maitr. Up. VI, 35. ^199:6 Of Isvara or Hiranyagarbha. ^200:1 The Vagasaneyi-samhita reads: Om, krato smara, klibe smara, kritam smara. Uvata holds that Agni, fire, who has been worshipped in youth and manhood, is here invoked in the form of mind, or that kratu is meant for sacrifice. 'Agni, remember me 'Think of the world! Remember my deeds!' Klibe is explained by Mahidhara as a dative of klip, klip meaning loka, world, what is made to be enjoyed (kalpyate bhogaya). ^200:2 Not by the Southern path, the dark, from which there is a fresh return to life. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 201]

FIRST BRAHMANA [*1]. 1. Harih, Om. He who knows the first and the best, becomes himself the first and the best among his people. Breath is indeed the first and the best. He who knows this, becomes the first and the best among his people, and among whomsoever he wishes to be so. 2. He who knows the richest [*2], becomes himself the richest among his people. Speech is the richest. He who knows this, becomes the richest among his people, and among whomsoever he wishes to be so. 3. He who knows the firm rest, becomes himself firm on even and uneven ground. The eye indeed is the firm rest, for by means of the eye a man stands firm on even and uneven ground. He who knows this, stands firm on even and uneven ground. 4. He who knows success, whatever desire he desires, it succeeds to him. The ear indeed is success. For in the ear are all these Vedas successful. He who knows this, whatever desire he desires, it succeeds to him. 5. He who knows the home, becomes a home of his own people, a home of all men. The mind [p. 202] indeed is the home. He who knows this, becomes a home of his own people and a home of all men. 6. He who knows generation [*1], becomes rich in offspring and cattle. Seed indeed is generation. He who knows this, becomes rich in offspring and cattle. 7. These Pranas (senses), when quarrelling together as to who was the best, went to Brahman [*2] and said: 'Who is the richest of us?' He replied: 'He by whose departure this body seems worst, he is the richest.' 8. The tongue (speech) departed, and having been absent for a year, it came back and said: 'How have you been able to live without me?' They replied: 'Like unto people, not speaking with the tongue, but breathing with breath, seeing with the eye, hearing with the ear, knowing with the mind, generating with seed. Thus we have lived.' Then speech entered in. 9. The eye (sight) departed, and having been absent for a year, it came back and said: 'How have you been able to live without me?' They replied: 'Like blind people, not seeing with the eye, but breathing with the breath, speaking with the tongue, hearing with the ear, knowing with the mind, generating with seed. Thus we have lived.' Then the eye entered in. 10. The ear (hearing) departed, and having been absent for a year, it came back and said: 'How have you been able to live without me?' They replied: 'Like deaf people, not hearing with the ear, Footnotes ^201:1 This Brahmana, also called a Khila (p. 1010, l. 8; p. 1029, l. 8), occurs in the Madhyandina-sakha XIV, 9, 2. It should be compared with the Khandogya-upanishad V, 1 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. i, p. 72); also with the Ait. Ar. II, 4; Kaush. Up. III, 3; and the Prasna Up. II, 3. ^201:2 Here used as a feminine, while in the Khand. Up. V, 1, it is vasishtha. ^202:1 This is wanting in the Khand. Up. Roer and Poley read Pragapati for pragati. MS, I. O. 3 75 has pragati, MS. I. O. 1973 pragapati. ^202:2 Here we have Pragapati, instead of Brahman, in the Khand. Up.; also sreshtha instead of vasishtha. [p. 203] but breathing with the breath, speaking with the tongue, seeing with the eye, knowing with the mind, generating with seed. Thus we have lived.' Then the ear entered in. 11. The mind departed, and having been absent for a year, it came back and said: 'How have you been able to live without me?' They replied: 'Like fools, not knowing with their mind, but breathing with the breath, seeing with the eye, hearing with the ear, generating with seed. Thus we have lived.' Then the mind entered in. 12. The seed departed, and having been absent for a year, it came back and said: 'How have you been able to live without me?' They replied: 'Like impotent people, not generating with seed, but breathing with the breath, seeing with the eye, hearing with the ear, knowing with the mind. Thus we have lived.' Then the seed entered in. 13. The (vital) breath, when on the point of departing, tore up these senses, as a great, excellent horse of the Sindhu country might tare up the pegs to which he is tethered. They said to him: 'Sir, do not depart. We shall not be able to live without thee.' He said: 'Then make me an offering.' They said: 'Let it be so.' 14. Then the tongue said: 'If I am the richest, then thou art the richest by it.' The eye said: 'If I am the firm rest, then thou art possessed of firm rest by it.' The ear said: 'If I am success, then thou art possessed of success by it.' The mind said: 'If I am the home, thou art the home by it.' The seed said: 'If I am generation, thou art possessed of generation by it.' He said: 'What shall be food, what shall be dress for me?' [p. 204] They replied: 'Whatever there is, even unto dogs, worms, insects, and birds [*1], that is thy food, and water thy dress. He who thus knows the food of Ana (the breath) [*2], by him nothing is eaten that is not (proper) food, nothing is received that is not (proper) food. Srotriyas (Vedic theologians) who know this, rinse the mouth with water when they are going to eat, and rinse the mouth with water after they have eaten, thinking that thereby they make the breath dressed (with water).' ^204:1 It may mean, every kind of food, such as is eaten by dogs, worms, insects, and birds. ^204:2 We must read, with MS. I. O. 375, anasyannam, not annasyannam, as MS. I. O. 1973, Roer, and Poley read. Weber has the right reading, which is clearly suggested by Khand. Up. V, 2, 1. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND BRAHMANA [*3]. 1. Svetaketu Aruneya went to the settlement of the Pankalas. He came near to Pravahana Gaivali [*4], who was walking about (surrounded by his men). As soon as he (the king) saw him, he said: 'My boy!' Svetaketu replied: 'Sir!' Then the king said: 'Have you been taught by your father!' 'Yes,' he replied. 2. The king said: 'Do you know how men, when they depart from here, separate from each other?' 'No,' he replied. 'Do you know how they come back to this world?' 'No,' he replied [*5]. [p. 205] 'Do you know how that world does never become full with the many who again and again depart thither?' 'No,' he replied. 'Do you know at the offering of which libation the waters become endowed with a human voice and rise and speak?' 'No,' he replied. 'Do you know the access to the path leading to the Devas and to the path leading to the Fathers, i.e. by what deeds men gain access to the path leading to the Devas or to that leading to the Fathers? For we have heard even the saying of a Rishi: "I heard of two paths for men, one leading to the Fathers, the other leading to the Devas. On those paths all that lives moves on, whatever there is between father (sky) and mother (earth)."' Svetaketu said: 'I do not know even one of all these questions.' 3. Then the king invited him to stay and accept his hospitality. But the boy, not caring for hospitality, ran away, went back to his father, and said: 'Thus then you called me formerly well-instructed!' The father said: 'What then, you sage?' The son replied: 'That fellow of a Raganya asked me five questions, and I did not know one of them.' 'What were they?' said the father. 'These were they,' the son replied, mentioning the different heads. 4. The father said: 'You know me, child, that whatever I know, I told you. But come, we shall go thither, and dwell there as students.' 'You may go, Sir,' the son replied. [p. 206] Then Gautama went where (the place of) Pravahana Gaivali was, and the king offered him a seat, ordered water for him, and gave him the proper offerings. Then he said to him: 'Sir, we offer a boon to Gautama.' 5. Gautama said: 'That boon is promised to me; tell me the same speech which you made in the presence of my boy.' 6. He said: 'That belongs to divine boons, name one of the human boons.' 7. He said: 'You know well that I have plenty of gold, plenty of cows, horses, slaves, attendants, and apparel; do not heap on me [*1] what I have already in plenty, in abundance, and superabundance.' The king said: 'Gautama, do you wish (for instruction from me) in the proper way?' Gautama replied: 'I come to you as a pupil.' In word only have former sages (though Brahmans) come as pupils (to people of lower rank), but Gautama actually dwelt as a pupil (of Pravahana, who was a Raganya) in order to obtain the fame of having respectfully served his master [*2]. [p. 207] 8. The king said: 'Do not be offended with us, neither you nor your forefathers, because this knowledge has before now never dwelt with any Brahmana [*1]. But I shall tell it to you, for who could refuse you when you speak thus? 9. 'The altar (fire), O Gautama, is that world (heaven) [*2]; the fuel is the sun itself, the smoke his rays, the light the day, the coals the quarters, the sparks the intermediate quarters. On that altar the Devas offer the sraddha libation (consisting of water [*3]). From that oblation rises Soma, the king (the moon). 10. 'The altar, O Gautama, is Parganya (the god of rain); the fuel is the year itself, the smoke the clouds, the light the lightning, the coals the thunderbolt, the sparks the thunderings. On that altar the Devas offer Soma, the king (the moon). From that oblation rises rain. 11. 'The altar, O Gautama, is this world [*4]; the fuel is the earth itself, the smoke the fire, the light the night, the coals the moon, the sparks the stars. On that altar the Devas offer rain. From that oblation rises food. [p. 208] 12. 'The altar, O Gautama, is man; the fuel the opened mouth, the smoke the breath, the light the tongue, the coals the eye, the sparks the ear. On that altar the Devas offer food. From that oblation rises seed. 13. 'The altar, O Gautama, is woman [*1]. On that altar the Devas offer seed. From that oblation rises man. He lives so long as he lives, and then when he dies, 14. 'They take him to the fire (the funeral pile), and then the altar-fire is indeed fire, the fuel fuel, the smoke smoke, the light light, the coals coals, the sparks sparks. In that very altar-fire the Devas offer man, and from that oblation man rises, brilliant in colour. 15. 'Those who thus know this (even Grihasthas), and those who in the forest worship faith and the True [*2] (Brahman Hiranyagarbha), go to light (arkis), from light to day, from day to the increasing half, from the increasing half to the six months when the sun goes to the north, from those six months to the world of the Devas (Devaloka), from the world of the Devas to the sun, from the sun to the place of lightning. When they have thus reached the place of lightning a spirit [*3] comes near them, and leads them to the worlds of the (conditioned) Brahman. In these worlds of Brahman they dwell exalted for ages. There is no returning for them. [p. 209] 16. 'But they who conquer the worlds (future states) by means of sacrifice, charity, and austerity, go to smoke, from smoke to night, from night to the decreasing half of the moon, from the decreasing half of the moon to the six months when the sun goes to the south, from these months to the world of the fathers, from the world of the fathers to the moon. Having reached the moon, they become food, and then the Devas feed on them there, as sacrificers feed on Soma, as it increases and decreases [*1]. But when this (the result of their good works on earth) ceases, they return again to that ether, from ether to the air, from the air to rain, from rain to the earth. And when they have reached the earth, they become food, they are offered again in the altar-fire, which is man (see section 11), and thence are born in the fire of woman. Thus they rise up towards the worlds, and go the same round as before. 'Those, however, who know neither of these two paths, become worms, birds,, and creeping things.' Footnotes ^204:3 See Khand. Up. V, 3; Muir, Original Sanskrit Texts, I, 433; Deussen, Vedanta, p. 390. The commentator treats this chapter as a supplement, to explain the ways that lead to the pitriloka and the devaloka. ^204:4 The MSS. I. O. 375 and 1973 give Gaivali, others Gaibali. He is a Kshatriya sage, who appears also in Khand. Up. I, 8, 1, as silencing Brahmanas. ^204:5 The same question is repeated in Roer's edition, only substituting [p. 205] sampadyante for apadyante. The MSS. I. O. 375 and 1973 do not support this. ^206:1 Abhyavadanya is explained as niggardly, or unwilling to give, and derived from vadanya, liberal, a-vadanya, illiberal, and abhi, towards. This, however, is an impossible form in Sanskrit. Vadanya means liberal, and stands for avadanya, this being derived from avadana, lit. what is cut off, then a morsel, a gift. In abhyavadanya the original a reappears, so that abhyavadanya means, not niggardly, but on the contrary, liberal, i.e. giving more than is required. Avadanya has never been met with in the sense of niggardly, and though a rule of Panini sanctions the formation of a-vadanya, it does not say in what sense. Abhyavada in the sense of cutting off in addition occurs in Satap. Br. II, 5, 2, 40; avadanam karoti, in the sense of making a present, occurs Maitr. Up. VI, 33. ^206:2 The commentator takes the opposite view. In times of distress, he says, former sages, belonging to a higher caste, have [p. 207] submitted to become pupils to teachers of a lower caste, not, however, in order to learn, but simply in order to live. Therefore Gautama also becomes a pupil in name only, for it would be against all law to act otherwise. See Gautama, Dharma-sutras VII, i, ed, Stenzler; translated by Buhler, p. 209. ^207:1 Here, too, my translation is hypothetical, and differs widely from Sankara. ^207:2 Cf. Khand. Up. V, 4. ^207:3 Deussen translates In diesem Feuer opfern die Gotter den Glauben.' ^207:4 Here a distinction is made between ayam loka, this world, and prithivi, earth, while in the Khand. Up. ayam loka is the earth, asau loka the heaven. ^208:1 Tasya upastha eva samil, lomani dhumo, yonir arkir, yad antahkaroti te 'ngara, abhinanda visphulingah. ^208:2 Sankara translates, 'those who with faith worship the True,' and this seems better. ^208:3 'A person living in the Brahma-world, sent forth, i.e. created, by Brahman, by the mind,' Sankara. 'Der ist nicht wie ein Mensch,' Deussen, p. 392. ^209:1 See note 4 on Khand. Up. V, 10, and Deussen, Vedanta, p. 393. Sankara guards against taking apyayasvapakshiyasva as a mantra. A similar construction is gayasva mriyasva, see Khand. Up. V, 10, 8. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com THIRD BRAHMANA [*2]. 1. If a man wishes to reach greatness (wealth for performing sacrifices), he performs the upasad rule during twelve days [*3] (i. e. he lives on small quantities of milk), beginning on an auspicious day of the light half of the moon during the northern progress of the sun, collecting at the same time in a cup or a dish [p. 210] made of Udumbara wood all sorts of herbs, including fruits. He sweeps the floor (near the house-altar, avasathya), sprinkles it, lays the fire, spreads grass round it according to rule [*1], prepares the clarified butter (agya), and on a day, presided over by a male star (nakshatra), after having properly mixed the Mantha [*2] (the herbs, fruits, milk, honey, &c.), he sacrifices (he pours agya into the fire), saying [*3]: 'O Gatavedas, whatever adverse gods there are in thee, who defeat the desires of men, to them I offer this portion; may they, being pleased, please me with all desires.' Svaha! 'That cross deity who lies down [*4], thinking that all things are kept asunder by her, I worship thee as propitious with this stream of ghee.' Svaha! 2. He then says, Svaha to the First, Svaha to the Best, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to Breath, Svaha to her who is the richest, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to Speech, Svaha to the Support, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to the Eye, Svaha to Success, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to the Ear, Svaha to the [p. 211] [paragraph continues] Home, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to the Mind, Svaha to Offspring, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to Seed, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). 3. He then says, Svaha to Agni (fire), pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to Soma, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Bhuh (earth), Svaha, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Bhuvah (sky), Svaha, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svah (heaven), Svaha, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Bhur, Bhuvah, Svah, Svaha, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to Brahman (the priesthood), pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to Kshatra (the knighthood), pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to the Past, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). [p. 212] He then says, Svaha to the Future, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to the Universe, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to all things, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). He then says, Svaha to Pragapati, pours ghee into the fire, and throws what remains into the Mantha (mortar). 4. Then he touches it (the Mantha, which is dedicated to Prana, breath), saying: 'Thou art fleet (as breath). Thou art burning (as fire). Thou art full (as Brahman). Thou art firm (as the sky). Thou art the abode of all (as the earth). Thou hast been saluted with Hin (at the beginning of the sacrifice by the prastotri). Thou art saluted with Hin (in the middle of the sacrifice by the prastotri). Thou hast been sung (by the udgatri at the beginning of the sacrifice). Thou art sung (by the udgatri in the middle of the sacrifice). Thou hast been celebrated (by the adhvaryu at the beginning of the sacrifice). Thou art celebrated again (by the agnidhra in the middle of the sacrifice). Thou art bright in the wet (cloud). Thou art great. Thou art powerful. Thou art food (as Soma). Thou art light (as Agni, fire, the eater). Thou art the end. Thou art the absorption (of all things).' 5. Then he holds it (the Mantha) forth, saying 'Thou [*1] knowest all, we know thy greatness. He is [p. 213] indeed a king, a ruler, the highest lord. May that king, that ruler make me the highest lord.' 6. Then he eats it, saying: 'Tat savitur varenyam [*1] (We meditate on that adorable light)--The winds drop honey for the righteous, the rivers drop honey, may our plants be sweet as honey! Bhuh (earth) Svaha! 'Bhargo devasya dhimahi (of the divine Savitri)--May the night be honey in the morning, may the air above the earth, may heaven, our father, be honey! Bhuvah (sky) Svaha!' 'Dhiyo yo nah prokodayat (who should rouse our thoughts)--May the tree be full of honey, may the sun be full of honey, may our cows be sweet like honey! Svah (heaven) Svaha!' He repeats the whole Savitri verse, and all the verses about the honey, thinking, May I be all this! Bhur, Bhuvah, Svah, Svaha! Having thus swallowed all, he washes his hands, and sits down behind the altar, turning his head to the East. In the morning he worships Aditya (the sun), with the hymn, 'Thou art the best lotus of the four quarters, may I become the best lotus among men.' Then returning as he came, he sits down behind the altar and recites the genealogical list [*2]. 7. Uddalaka Aruni told this (Mantha-doctrine) to his pupil Vagasaneya Yagnavalkya, and said: 'If a man were to pour it on a dry stick, branches would grow, and leaves spring forth.' [p. 214] 8. Vagasaneya Yagnavalkya told the same to his pupil Madhuka Paingya, and said: 'If a man were to pour it on a dry stick, branches would grow, and leaves spring forth.' 9. Madhuka Paingya told the same to his pupil Kula Bhagavitti, and said: 'If a man were to pour it on a dry stick, branches would grow, and leaves spring forth.' 10. Kula Bhagavitti told the same to his pupil Ganaki Ayasthuna, and said: 'If a man were to pour it on a dry stick, branches would grow, and leaves spring forth.' 11. Ganaki Ayasthuna told the same to his pupil Satyakama Gabala, and said: 'If a man were to pour it on a dry stick, branches would grow, and leaves spring forth.' 12. Satyakama Gabala told the same to his pupils, and said: 'If a man were to pour it on a dry stick, branches would grow, and leaves spring forth.' Let no one tell this [*1] to any one, except to a son or to a pupil [*2]. 13. Four things are made of the wood of the Udumbara tree, the sacrificial ladle (sruva), the cup (kamasa), the fuel, and the two churning sticks. There are ten kinds of village (cultivated) seeds, viz. rice and barley (brihiyavas), sesamum and kidney-beans (tilamashas), millet and panic seed (anupriyangavas), wheat (godhumas), lentils (masuras), pulse (khalvas), and vetches (khalakulas [*3]) . After having [p. 215] ground these he sprinkles them with curds (dadhi), honey, and ghee, and then offers (the proper portions) of clarified butter (agya). Footnotes ^209:2 Madhyandina text, p. 1103; cf. Khand. Up. V, 2, 4-8; Kaush. Up. II, 3. ^209:3 Yasmin punye 'nukule 'hni karma kikirshati tatah prak punyaham evarabhya dvadasaham upasadvrati. ^210:1 As the whole act is considered smarta, not srauta, the order to be observed (avrit) is that of the sthalipaka. ^210:2 Dravadravye prakshipta mathitah saktavah is the explanation of Mantha, given in Gaimin. N. M. V. p. 406. ^210:3 These verses are not explained by Sankara, and they are absent in the Khand. Up. V, 2, 6, 4. ^210:4 The Madhyandinas read nipadyase. ^212:1 These curious words a mamsi a mamhi te mahi are not explained by Sankara. Anandagiri explains them as I have translated [p. 213] them. They correspond to 'amo, namasy ama hi te sarvam idam' in the Khand. Up. V, 2, 6, 6. The Madhyandinas read: 'amo 'sy amam hi te mayi, sa hi raga, &c. Dvivedaganga translates: thou art the knower, thy knowledge extends to me.' ^213:1 Rv. III, 62, 10. ^213:2 This probably refers to the list immediately following. ^214:1 The Mantha-doctrine with the pranadarsana. Comm. ^214:2 It probably means to no one except to one's own son and to one's own disciple. Cf. Svet. Up. VI, 22. ^214:3 I have given the English names after Roer, who, living in India, had the best opportunity of identifying the various kinds of plants here mentioned. The commentators do not help us much. Sankara [p. 215] says that in some places Priyangu (panic seed or millet) is called Kangu; that Khalva, pulse, is also called Nishpava and Valla, and Khalakula, vetches, commonly Kulattha. Dvivedaganga adds that Anu is called in Guzerat Moriya, Priyangu Kangu, Khalva, as nishpava, Valla, and Khalakula Kulattha. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com

1. The earth is the essence of all these things, water is the essence of the earth, plants of water, flowers of plants, fruits of flowers, man of fruits, seed of man. 2. And Pragapati thought, let me make an abode for him, and he created a woman (Satarupa). Tam [*3] srishtvadha upasta, tasmat striyam adha upasita. Sa etam prankam gravanam atmana eva samudaparayat, tenainam abhyasrigat. [p. 216] 3. Tasya vedir upastho, lomani barhis, karmadhishavane, samiddho [*1] madhyatas, tau mushkau. Sa yavan ha vai vagapeyena yagamanasya loko bhavati tavan asya loko bhavati ya evam vidvan adhopahasam karaty a sa [*2] strinam sukritam vrinkte 'tha ya idam avidvan adhopahasam karaty asya striyah sukritam vringate. 4. Etad dha sma vai tadvidvan Uddalaka Arunir ahaitad dha sma vai tadvidvan Nako Maudgalya ahaitad dha sma vai tadvidvan Kumaraharita aha, bahavo marya brahmanayana [*3] nirindriya visukrito'smal lokat prayanti [*4] ya idam avidvamso 'dhopahasam karantiti. Bahu va [*5] idam suptasya va gagrato va retah skandati, 5. Tad abhimrised anu va mantrayeta yan me 'dya retah prithivim askantsid yad oshadhir apy asarad yad apah, idam aham tad reta adade punar mam aitv indriyam punas tegah punar bhagah, punar agnayo [*6] dhishnya yathasthanam kalpantam, ity anamikangushthabhyam adayantarena stanau va bhruvau va nimringyat [*7]. 6. If a man see himself in the water [*8], he should [p. 217] recite the following verse: 'May there be in me splendour, strength, glory, wealth, virtue.' She is the best of women whose garments are pure [*1]. Therefore let him approach a woman whose garments are pure, and whose fame is pure, and address her. 7. If she do not give in [*2], let him, as he likes, bribe her (with presents). And if she then do not give in, let him, as he likes, beat her with a stick or with his hand, and overcome her [*3], saying: 'With manly strength and glory I take away thy glory,'--and thus she becomes unglorious [*4]. 8. If she give in, he says: 'With manly strength and glory I give thee glory,'--and thus they both become glorious. 9. Sa yam ikkhet kamayeta meti tasyam artham nishtaya [*5] mukhena mukham sandhayopastham asya abhimrisya gaped angadangat sambhavasi hridayad adhi gayase, sa tvam angakashayo [*6] 'si digdhaviddham [*7] iva madayemam amum mayiti [*8]. 10. Atha yam ikkhen na garbham dadhiteti [*9] tasyam artham nishtaya mukhena mukham sandhayabhipranyapanyad indriyena te retasa reta adada ity areta [*10] eva bhavati. [p. 218] 11. Atha yam ikkhed garbham dadhiteti tasyam artham nishtaya mukhena mukham sandhayapanyabhipranyad indriyena te retasa reta adadhamiti garbhiny eva bhavati. 12. Now again, if a man's wife has a lover and the husband hates him, let him (according to rule) [*1] place fire by an unbaked jar, spread a layer of arrows in inverse order [*2], anoint these three arrow-heads [*3] with butter in inverse order, and sacrifice, saying: 'Thou hast sacrificed in my fire, I take away thy up and down breathing, I here [*4].' 'Thou hast sacrificed in my fire, I take away thy sons and cattle, I here.' 'Thou hast sacrificed in my fire, I take away thy sacred and thy good works, I here.' 'Thou hast sacrificed in my fire, I take away thy hope and expectation, I here.' He whom a Brahmana who knows this curses, departs from this world without strength and without good works. Therefore let no one wish even for sport with the wife of a Srotriya [*5] who knows this, for he who knows this, is a dangerous enemy. 13. When the monthly illness seizes his wife, she [p. 219] should for three days not drink from a metal vessel, and wear a fresh dress. Let no Vrishala or Vrishali (a Sudra man or woman) touch her. At the end of the three days, when she has bathed, the husband should make her pound rice [*1]. 14. And if a man wishes that a white son should be born to him, and that he should know one Veda, and live to his full age, then, after having prepared boiled rice with milk and butter, they should both eat, being fit to have offspring. 15. And if a man wishes that a reddish [*2] son with tawny eyes should be born to him, and that he should know two Vedas, and live to his full age, then, after having prepared boiled rice with coagulated milk and butter, they should both eat, being fit to have offspring. 16. And if a man wishes that a dark son should be born to him with red eyes, and that he should know three Vedas, and live to his full age, then, after having prepared boiled rice with water and butter, they should both eat, being fit to have offspring. 17. And if a man wishes that a learned daughter should be born to him, and that she should live to her full age, then, after having prepared boiled rice with sesamum and butter, they should both eat, being fit to have offspring. 18. And if a man wishes that a learned son should be born to him, famous, a public man, a popular speaker, that he should know all the Vedas, and that [p. 220] he should live to his full age, then, after having prepared boiled rice with meat and butter, they should both eat, being fit to have offspring. The meat should be of a young or of an old bull. 19. And then toward morning, after having, according to the rule of the Sthalipaka (pot-boiling), performed the preparation of the Agya (clarified butter [*1]), he sacrifices from the Sthalipaka bit by bit, saying: 'This is for Agni, Svaha! This is for Anumati, Svaha! This is for the divine Savitri, the true creator, Svaha!' Having sacrificed, he takes out the rest of the rice and eats it, and after having eaten, he gives it to his wife. Then he washes his hands, fills a water-jar, and sprinkles her thrice with it, saying: 'Rise hence, O Visvavasu [*2], seek another blooming girl, a wife with her husband.' 20. Then he embraces her, and says: 'I am Ama (breath), thou art Sa (speech) [*3]. Thou art Sa (speech), I am Ama (breath). I am the Saman, thou art the Rik [*4]. I am the sky, thou art the earth. Come, let us strive together, that a male child may be begotten [*5].' [p. 221] 21. Athasya uru vihapayati, vigihitham dyavaprithivi iti tasyam artham nishtaya mukhena mukham sandhaya trir enam anulomam [*1] anumarshti, Vishnur yonim kalpayatu, Tvashta rupani pimsatu, asinkatu Pragapatir Dhata garbham dadhatu te. Garbham dhehi Sinivali, garbham dhehi prithushtuke, garbham te Asvinau devav adhattam pushkarasragau. 22. Hiranmayi arani yabhyam nirmanthatam [*2] asvinau [*3], tam te garbham havamahe [*4] dasame masi sutave. Yathagnigarbha prithivi, yatha dyaur indrena garbhini, vayur disam yatha garbha evam garbham dadhami te 'sav iti [*5]. 23. Soshyantim [*6] adbhir abhyukshati. Yatha vayuh [*7] pushkarinim samingayati sarvatah, eva te garbha egatu sahavaitu garayuna. Indrasyayam vragah kritah sargalah [*8] saparisrayah [*9], tam indra nirgahi garbhena savaram [*10] saheti. [p. 222] 24 [*1]. When the child is born, he prepares the fire, places the child on his lap, and having poured prishadagya, i.e. dadhi (thick milk) mixed with ghrita (clarified butter) into a metal jug, he sacrifices bit by bit of that prishadagya, saying: 'May I, as I increase in this my house, nourish a thousand! May fortune never fail in his race, with offspring and cattle, Svaha!' 'I offer to thee. in my mind the vital breaths which are in me, Svaha!' 'Whatever [*2] in my work I have done too much, or whatever I have here done too little, may the wise Agni Svishtakrit make this right and proper for us, Svaha!' 25. Then putting his mouth near the child's right ear, he says thrice, Speech, speech [*3]! After [p. 223] that he pours together thick milk, honey, and clarified butter, and feeds the child with (a ladle of) pure gold [*1], saying: 'I give thee Bhuh, I give thee Bhuvah, I give thee Svah [*2]. Bhur, Bhuvah, Svah, I give thee all [*3].' 26 [*4]. Then he gives him his name, saying: 'Thou art Veda;' but this is his secret name [*5]. 27. Then he hands the boy to his mother and gives him her breast, saying: 'O Sarasvati, that breast of thine which is inexhaustible, delightful, abundant, wealthy, generous, by which thou cherishest all blessings, make that to flow here [*6].' 28 [*7]. Then he addresses the mother of the boy: [p. 224a] 'Thou art Ila Maitravaruni: thou strong woman hast born a strong boy. Be thou blessed with strong children thou who hast blessed me with a strong child.' And they say of such a boy: 'Ah, thou art better than thy father; ah, thou art better than thy grandfather. Truly he has reached the highest point in happiness, praise, and Vedic glory who is born as the son of a Brahmana that knows this.' Footnotes ^215:1 According to the rules laid down in the proper Grihya-sutras. ^215:2 This Brahmana is inserted here because there is supposed to be some similarity between the preparation of the Srimantha and the Putramantha, or because a person who has performed the Srimantha is fit to perform the Putramantha. Thus Sankara says: Pranadarsinah srimantham karma kritavatah putramanthe 'dhikarah. Yada putramantham kikirshati tada srimantham kritva ritukalam patnyah (brahmakaryena) pratikshata iti. ^215:3 I have given those portions of the text which did not admit of translation into English, in Sanskrit. It was not easy, however, to determine always the text of the Kanva-sakha. Poley's text is not always correct, and Roer seems simply to repeat it. Sankara's commentary, which is meant for the Kanva text, becomes very short towards the end of the Upanishad. It is quite sufficient for the purpose of a translation, but by no means always for restoring a correct text. MS. Wilson 369, which has been assigned to the Kanva-sakha, and which our Catalogue attributes to the same school, gives the Madhyandina text, and so does MS. Mill 108. I have therefore collated two MSS. of the India Office, which Dr. Rost had the kindness to select for me, MS. 375 and MS. 1973, which I call A. and B. ^216:1 Roer reads samidho, but Sankara and Dvivedaganga clearly presuppose samiddho, which is in A. and B. ^216:2 Roer has asam sa strinam, Poley, A. and B. have asam strinam. Sankara. (MS. Mill 64) read a sa strinam, and later on asya striyah, though both Roer and Poley leave out the a here too (a asyeti khedah). ^216:3 Brahmanayanah, the same as brahmabandhavah, i.e. Brahmans by descent only, not by knowledge. ^216:4 Narakam gakkhantityarthah. Dvivedaganga. ^216:5 Bahu va svalpam va. ^216:6 The Madhyandina text has agnayo, and Dvivedaganga explains it by dhishnya agnayah sarirasthitah. Poley and Roer have punar agnir dhishnya, and so have A. and B. ^216:7 Nirmrigyat, A.; nimringyat, B. ^216:8 Dvivedaganga adds, retoyonav udake retahsikas tatra svakkhayadarsane prayaskittam aha. ^217:1 Triratravratam kritva katurtha 'hni snatam. ^217:2 Instead of connecting kamam with dadyat, Dvivedaganga explains it by yathasakti. ^217:3 Atikram, scil. maithunaya. ^217:4 Bandhya durbhaga. ^217:5 Nishtaya, A. B.; nishthaya, Roer, Poley; the same in section 10. ^217:6 Sa tvam anganam kashayo raso 'si. ^217:7 Vishaliptasaraviddham mrigim iva. ^217:8 Madayeti is the reading of the Madhyandina text. Poley, Roer, A. and B. read madayemam amum mayiti. Anandagiri has mrigim ivamum madiyam striyam me madaya madvasam kurv ityarthah. Dvivedaganga explains madayeti. ^217:9 Rupabhramsayauvanahanibhayat. ^217:10 Agarbhini. ^218:1 Avasathyagnim eva pragvalya. ^218:2 Paskimagram dakshinagram va yatha syat tatha. ^218:3 Tisrah is left out by Roer and Poley, by A. and B. ^218:4 I have translated according to the Kanva text, as far as it could be made out. As there are four imprecations, it is but natural that tisrah should be left out in the Kanva text. It is found in the Madhyandina text, because there the imprecations are only three in number, viz. the taking away of hope and expectation, of sons and cattle, and of up and down breathing. Instead of asav iti, which is sufficient, the Madhyandina text has asav iti nama grihnati, and both Anandagiri and Dvivedaganga allow the alternative, atmanah satror va nama grihnati, though asau can really refer to the speaker only. ^218:5 Roer reads dvarena; Poley, A. and B. darena; the Madhyandinas [p. 219] gayaya. Sankara, according to Roer, interprets dvarena, but it seems that dvarena is used here in the singular, instead of the plural. See Paraskara Grihya-sutras I, 11. ^219:1 To be used for the ceremony described in section 14 seq. ^219:2 Kapilo varnatah pingalah pingakshah. ^220:1 Karum srapayitva. ^220:2 Name of a Gandharva, as god of love. See Rig-veda X, 85, 22. Dvivedaganga explains the verse differently, so that the last words imply, I come together with my own wife. ^220:3 Because speech is dependent on breath, as the wife is on the husband. See Khand. Up. I, 6, 1. ^220:4 Because the Sama-veda rests on the Rig-veda. ^220:5 This is a verse which is often quoted and explained. It occurs in the Atharva-veda XIV, 71, as 'amo 'ham asmi si tvam, samaham asmy rik tvam, dyaur aham prithivi tvam; tav iha sam bhavava pragam a ganayavahai.' Here we have the opposition between amah and sa, while in the Ait. Brahmana VIII, 27, we have amo 'ham asmi sa tvam, giving amah in opposition to sa. It seems not unlikely that this [p. 221] was an old proverbial formula, and that it meant originally no more than 'I am he, and thou art she.' But this meaning was soon forgotten. In the Khand. Up. I, 6, 1, we find sa explained as earth, ama as fire (Sacred Books of the East, vol. i, p. 13). In the Ait. Brahmana sa is explained as Rik, ama as Saman. I have therefore in our passage also followed the interpretation of the commentary, instead of rendering it, 'I am he, and thou art she; thou art she, and I am he.' ^221:1 Anulomam, murdhanam arabhya padantam. ^221:2 Nirmathitavantau. ^221:3 Asvinau devau, Madhyandina text. ^221:4 Dadhamahe, Madhyandina text. Instead of sutave, A. has suyate, B. sutaye. ^221:5 Iti nama grihnati, Madhyandina text. Sankara says, asav iti tasyah. Anandagiri says, asav iti patyur va nirdesah; tasya nama grihnatiti purvena sambandhah. Dvivedaganga says, ante bhartasav aham iti svatmano nama grihnati, bharyaya va. ^221:6 See Paraskara Grihya-sutra I. 16 seq. ^221:7 Vatah, M. ^221:8 Argadaya nirodhena saha vartamanah sargadah, Dvivedaganga. ^221:9 Saparisrayah, parisrayena pariveshtanena garayuna sahitah, Dvivedaganga. ^221:10 Savaram is the reading given by Poley, Roer, A. and B. [p. 222] Anandagiri explains: garbhanihsarananantaram ya mamsapesi nirgakkhati savara, tam ka nirgamayety arthah. Dvivedaganga (ed. Weber) writes: nirgamyamanamamsapesi sa-avarasabdavakya, tam savaram ka nirgamaya. ^222:1 These as well as the preceding rules refer to matters generally treated in the Grihya-sutras; see Asvalayana, Grihya-sutras I, 13 seq.; Paraskara, Grihya-sutras I, 11 seq.; Sankakyana, Grihya-sutras I, 19 seq. It is curious, however, that Asvalayana I, 13, 1, refers distinctly to the Upanishad as the place where the pumsavana and similar matters were treated. This shows that the Upanishads were known before the composition of the Grihya-sutras, and explains perhaps, at least partially, why the Upanishads were considered as rahasya. Asvalayana says, 'Conception, begetting of a boy, and guarding the embryo are to be found in the Upanishad. But if a man does not read the Upanishad, let him know that he should feed his wife,' &c. Narayana explains that Asvalayana here refers to an Upanishad which does not exist in his own Sakha, but he objects to the conclusion that therefore the garbhadhana and other ceremonies need not be performed, and adds that some hold it should be performed, as prescribed by Saunaka and others. ^222:2 Asvalayana, Grihya-sutra I, 10, 23. ^222:3 Trayilakshana vak tvayi pravisatv iti gapato 'bhiprayah. ^223:1 Cf. Paraskara Grihya-sutras I, 16, 4, anamikaya suvarnantarhitaya; Sankhayana, Grihya-sutras I, 24, prasayeg gatarupena. ^223:2 Bhur bhuvah svah are explained by Dvivedaganga as the Rig-veda, Yagur-veda, and Sama-veda. They might also be earth, air, and heaven. See Sankhayana, Grihya-sutras 1, 24; Bhur rigvedam tvayi dadhami, &c. ^223:3 The Madhyandinas add here another verse, which the father recites while he strokes his boy: 'Be a stone, be an axe, be pure gold. Thou art my Self, called my son; live a hundred harvests.' The same verse occurs in the Asvalayana Grihya-sutras I, 15, 3. ^223:4 The two ceremonies, here described, are the ayushya-karman and the medhaganana. They are here treated rather confusedly. Paraskara (Grihya-sutras I, 16, 3) distinguishes the medhaganana and the ayushya. He treats the medhaganana first, which consists in feeding the boy with honey and clarified butter, and saying to him bhus tvayi dadhami, &c. The ayushya consists in repeating certain verses in the boy's ear, wishing him a long life, &c. In Asvalayana's Grihya-sutras, I, 15, 1 contains the ayushya, I, 15, 2 the medhaganana. Sankhayana also (I, 24) treats the ayushya first, and the medhaganana afterwards, and the same order prevails in the Madhyandina text of the Brihadaranyaka-upanishad. ^223:5 In the Madhyandina text these acts are differently arranged. ^223:6 Rig-veda I, 164, 49. ^223:7 These verses are differently explained by various commentators. Anandagiri explains ila as stutya, bhogya. He derives Maitravaruni [p. 224] from Maitravaruna, i.e. Vasishtha, the son of Mitravarunau, and identifies her with Arundhati. Dvivedaganga takes ida as bhogya, or idapatri, or prithivirupa, and admits that she may be called Maitravaruni, because born of Mitravarunau. Vire is rightly taken as a vocative by Dvivedaganga, while Anandagiri explains it as a locative, mayi nimittabhute. One expects agiganah instead of agiganat, which is the reading of A. and B. The reading of the Madhyandinas, agiganathah, is right grammatically, but it offends against the metre, and is a theoretical rather than a real form. If we read agiganah, we must also read akarah, unless we are prepared to follow the commentator, who supplies bhavati. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com Note by Redactor For reasons of Victorian modesty, Muller left certain aspects of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, VI, 4, untranslated. This is because this particular Brahmana has passages which discuss aspects of Vedic era sex magic. To fill in the gap, I have appended a 1921 translation of the same Brahmana. This is from the translation of Robert Ernest Hume, and includes English translations of the passages Muller left untranslated. Note that Hume uses a slightly different transcription method for Sanskrit than the SBE system.--J. B. Hare. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad Translated by Robert Ernest Hume Oxford University Press [1921] [p. 168hume] SIXTH ADHYAYA FOURTH BRAHMANA Incantations and ceremonies for procreation 1. Verily, of created things here earth is the essence; of earth, water; of water, plants; of plants, flowers; of flowers, fruits; of fruits, man (purusa); of man, semen. 2. Prajapati ('Lord of creatures') bethought himself: 'Come, let me provide him a firm basis!' So he created woman. When he had created her, he revered her below.--Therefore one should revere woman below.--He stretched out for himself that stone which projects. With that he impregnated her. 3. Her lap is a sacrificial altar; her hairs, the sacrificial grass; her skin, the soma-press. The two labia of the vulva are the fire in the middle. Verily, indeed, as great as is the world of him who sacrifices with the Vajapeya ('Strength-libation') sacrifice, so great is the world of him who practises sexual intercourse, knowing this; he turns the good deeds of women to himself. But he who practises sexual intercourse without knowing this-women turn his good deeds unto themselves. 4. This, verily, indeed, it was that Uddalaka Aruni knew when he said:-- This, verily, indeed, it was that Naka Maudgalya knew when he said:-- This, verily, indeed, it was that Kumaraharita knew when he said: 'Many mortal men, Brahmans by descent, go forth from this world, impotent and devoid of merit, namely those who practise sexual intercourse without knowing this.' [If] even this much [*1] semen is spilled, whether of one asleep or of one awake, [5] then he should touch it, or [without touching] repeat:-- 'What semen has of mine to earth been spilt now, Whate'er to herb has flowed, whate'er to water-- This very semen I reclaim! Again to me let vigor come! Again, my strength; again, my glow! Again the altars and the fire Be found in their accustomed place!' [p. 169hume] Having spoken thus, he should take it with ring-finger and thumb, and rub it on between his breasts or his eye-brows. 6. Now, if one should see himself in water, he should recite over it the formula: 'In me be vigor, power, beauty, wealth, merit!' This, verily, indeed, is loveliness among women: when she has removed the clothes of her impurity. Therefore when she has removed the clothes of her impurity and is beautiful, one should approach and invite her. 7. If she should not grant him his desire, he should bribe her. If she still does not grant him his desire, he should hit her with a stick or with his hand, and overcome her, saying: 'With power, with glory I take away your glory!' Thus she becomes inglorious. 8. If she should yield to him, he says: 'With power, with glory I give you glory!' Thus they two become glorious. 9. The woman whom one may desire with the thought, 'May she enjoy love with me!'--after inserting the member in her, joining mouth with mouth, and stroking her lap, he should mutter:-- 'Thou that from every limb art come, That from the heart art generate, Thou art the essence of the limbs! Distract this woman here in me, As if by poisoned arrow pierced!' 10. Now, the woman whom one may desire with the thought, 'May she not conceive offspring!'--after inserting the member in her and joining mouth with mouth, he should first inhale, then exhale, and say: 'With power, with semen, I reclaim the semen from you!' Thus she comes to be without seed. 12. Now, the woman whom one may desire with the thought, 'May she conceive!'--after inserting the member in her and joining mouth with mouth, he should first exhale, then inhale, and say: 'With power, with semen, I deposit semen in you!' Thus she becomes pregnant. 12. Now, if one's wife have a paramour, and he hate him, let him put fire in an unannealed vessel, spread out a row of reed arrows in inverse order, and therein sacrifice in inverse [p. 170hume] order those reed arrows, their heads smeared with ghee, saying:-- 'You have made a libation in my fire! I take away your in-breath and out-breath (pranapanau)--you, so-and-so! You have made a libation in my fire! I take away your sons and cattle [*1]--you, so-and-so! You have made a libation in my fire! I take away your sacrifices and meritorious deeds [*1]--you, so-and-so! You have made a libation in my fire! I take away your hope and expectation [*1]--you, so-and-so!' Verily, he whom a Brahman who knows this curses--he departs from this world impotent and devoid of merit. Therefore one should not desire dalliance with the spouse of a person learned in sacred lore (s'rotriya) who knows this, for indeed he who knows this becomes superior. [*2] 13. Now, when the monthly sickness comes upon anyone's wife, for three days she should not drink from a metal cup, nor put on fresh clothes. Neither a low-caste man nor a low-caste woman should touch her. At the end of the three nights she should bathe and should have rice threshed. 14. In case one wishes, 'That a white son be born to me! that he be able to repeat a Veda! that he attain the full length of life!'--they two should have rice cooked with milk and should eat it prepared with ghee. They two are likely to beget [him]. 15. Now, in case one wishes, 'That a tawny son with reddish-brown eyes be born to me! that he be able to recite two Vedas! that he attain the full length of life!'--they two should have rice cooked with sour milk and should eat it prepared with ghee. They two are likely to beget [him]. 16. Now, in case one wishes, 'That a swarthy son with red eyes be born to me! that he be able to repeat three Vedas! that he attain the full length of life!'--they two should have rice boiled with water and should eat it prepared with ghee. They two are likely to beget [him]. [p. 171hume] 17. Now, in case one wishes, 'That a learned (pandita) daughter be born to me! that she attain the full length of life!'--they two should have rice boiled with sesame and should eat it prepared with ghee. They two are likely to beget [her]. A. Now, in case one wishes, 'That a son, learned, famed, a frequenter of council-assemblies, a speaker of discourse desired to be heard, be born to me! that he be able to repeat all the Vedas! that he attain the full length of life!'--they two should have rice boiled with meat and should eat it prepared with ghee. They two are likely to beget [him], with meat, either veal or beef. 19. Now, toward morning, having prepared melted butter in the manner of the Sthalipaka, [*1] he takes of the Sthalipaka and makes a libation, saying: 'To Agni, hail! To Anumati, [*2] hail! To the god Savitri ('Enlivener,' the Sun), whose is true procreation [*3] (satya-prasava), hail!' Having made the libation, he takes and eats, Having eaten, he offers to the other [i.e. to her]. Having washed his hands, he fills a vessel with water and therewith sprinkles her thrice, saying:-- 'Arise from hence, Vis'vavasu! [*4] Some other choicer maiden seek! This wife together with her lord ----' [*5] 20. Then he comes to her and says:-- 'This man (ama) am I; that woman (sa), thou! That woman, thou; this man am I! I am the Saman; thou, the Rig! I am the heaven; thou, the earth! Come, let us two together clasp! Together let us semen mix, A male, a son for to procure!' [p. 172hume] 21. Then he spreads apart her thighs, saying: 'Spread yourselves apart, heaven and earth!' Inserting the member in her and joining mouth with mouth, he strokes her three times as the hair lies, saying:-- 'Let Vishnu make the womb prepared! Let Tyashtri shape the various forms! Prajapati--let him pour in! Let Dhatri place the germ for thee! O Sinivali, give the germ; O give the germ, thou broad-tressed dame! Let the Twin Gods implace thy germ-- The Asvins, crowned with lotus-wreaths! 22. With twain attrition-sticks of gold The As'vin Twins twirl forth a flame; 'Tis such a germ we beg for thee, In the tenth month to be brought forth. [*1] As earth contains the germ of Fire (agni), As heaven is pregnant with the Storm (indra), As of the points the Wind (vayu) is germ, E'en so a germ I place in thee, So-and-so!' 23. When she is about to bring forth, he sprinkles her with water, saying.-- Like as the wind doth agitate A lotus-pond on every side, So also let thy fetus stir. Let it come with its chorion. This fold of Indra's has been made With barricade enclosed around. O Indra, cause him to come forth-- The after-birth along with babe!' [*2] 24. When [the son] is born, he [i. e. the father] builds up a fire, places him on his lap, mingles ghee and coagulated milk in a metal dish, and makes an oblation, ladling out of the mingled ghee and coagulated milk, and saying- [p. 173hume] 'In this son may I be increased, And have a thousand in mine house! May nothing rob his retinue Of offspring or of animals! Hail! The vital powers (prana) which are in me, my mind, I offer in you. Hail! What in this rite I overdid, Or what I have here scanty made-- Let Agni, wise, the Prosperer, Make fit and good our sacrifice! Hail!' 25. Then he draws down to the child's right ear and says 'Speech! Speech!' three times. Then he mingles coagulated milk, honey, and ghee and feeds [his son] out of a gold [spoon] which is not placed within [the mouth], [*1] saying: 'I place in you Bhur! I place in you Bhuvas! I place in you Svar! Bhur, Bhuvas, Svar---everything [*2] I place in you!' 26. Then he gives him a name, saying: 'You are Veda.' [*3] So this becomes his secret name. [*4] 27. Then he presents him to the mother and offers the breast, saying:-- 'Thy breast which is unfailing and refreshing, Wealth-bearer, treasure-finder, rich bestower, With which thou nourishest all things esteemed-- Give it here, O Sarasvati, to suck from. [*5]' 28. Then he addresses the child's mother:-- 'You are Ila, [*6] of the lineage of Mitra and Varuna! O heroine! She has borne a hero!' [*7] Continue to be such a woman abounding in heroes-- She who has made us abound in a hero!' [p. 174hume] Of such a son, verily, they say: 'Ah, you have gone beyond your father! Ah, you have gone beyond your grandfather!' Ah, he reaches the highest pinnacle of splendor, glory, and sacred knowledge who is born as the son of a Brahman who knows this! Footnotes ^168hume:1 Deictically used. ^170hume:1 These same items recur (though not altogether verbatim) in Katha I. 9 as possessions of which an offender is to be deprived by an offended Brahman. ^170hume:2 This prohibition recurs verbatim in Paraskara Grihya Sutras I. 11. 6; the last phrase also in S'at. Br. 1. 6. 1. 18. ^171hume:1 'Pot-of-cooked-food,' one of the prescribed forms of oblation, namely a mess of barley or rice cooked with milk. ^171hume:2 Originally and in general, the feminine personification of 'Divine Favor,' as in RV. 10. 59. 6; 10. 167. 3; VS. 34. 8, 9; AV. 1. 18. 2; 5. 7. 4; S'at. Br. 5. 2. 3. 2, 4. Specifically invoked, as here, to favor procreation at AV. 6. 131. 2; 7. 20 (21). 2. In the ritual, associated with the day of the full moon, Ait. Br. 7. 11. ^171hume:3 Such is the meaning especially applicable in this context. Elsewhere, e. g. VS. 10. 28; S'at. Br. 5. 3. 3. 2; 13. 4. 2. 12, this epithet of Savitri is usually taken as from another sqrtsu, with the meaning 'whose is true impelling.' ^171hume:4 A lecherous demon. ^171hume:5 A loose quotation of RV. 10. 85. 22 a, c, d. ^172hume:1 The above three quatrains are a loose quotation of the hymn RV. 10. 184. The first quatrain occurs also at AV. 5. 25. 5; the second (with slight alterations) at AV. 5. 25. 3. ^172hume:2 Compare with this the invocation for successful parturition at RV. 5. 78. 7-8. ^173hume:1 See the similar directions at Manava-Dharma-S'astra 2. 29. ^173hume:2 Interpreted by the commentators as earth, atmosphere, and heaven, i.e. the world-all; or as Rig-Veda, Yajur-Veda, and Sama-Veda, i.e. all knowledge. ^173hume:3 Possibly with an added connotation, as vedo may be the nominative form also of vedas, 'property, wealth.' ^173hume:4 in later works this sacred ceremony of naming is found considerably elaborated. See Asvalayana Grihya Sutras 1. 15. 3-8; Paraskara Grihya Sutras 1. 17-1-4; Gobhila Grihya Sutras 2. 8. 14-17; and Manava-Dharma-S'astra 2. 30-33. ^173hume:5 RV. 1. 164. 49 with lines b and c transposed. ^173hume:6 Or Ida, goddess of refreshment in the Rig-Veda. ^173hume:7 Or, 'To a hero she has home a hero.' The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 224b] FIFTH BRAHMANA. 1. Now follows the stem [*1]: 1. Pautimashiputra from Katyayaniputra, [p. 225] 2. Katyayaniputra from Gotamiputra, 3. Gotamiputra from Bharadvagiputra, 4. Bharadvagiputra from Parasariputra, 5. Parasariputra from Aupasvatiputra, 6. Aupasvatiputra from Parasariputra, 7. Parasariputra from Katyayaniputra, 8. Katyayaniputra from Kausikiputra, 9. Kausikiputra from Alambiputra and Vaiyaghrapadiputra, 10. Alambiputra and Vaiyaghrapadiputra from Kanviputra, 11. Kanviputra from Kapiputra, 12. Kapiputra 2. from Atreyiputra, 13. Atreyiputra from Gautamiputra, 14. Gautamiputra from Bharadvagiputra, 15. Bharadvagiputra from Parasariputra, 16. Parasariputra from Vatsiputra, 17. Vatsiputra from Parasariputra, 18 [*1]. Parasariputra from Varkaruniputra, 19. Varkaruniputra from Varkaruniputra, 20. Varkaruniputra from Artabhagiputra, 21. Artabhagiputra from Saungiputra, 22. Saungiputra from Sankritiputra, 23 [*2]. Sankritiputra from Alambayaniputra, 24. Alambayaniputra from Alambiputra, 25. Alambiputra from Gayantiputra, 26. Gayantiputra from Mandukayaniputra, 27. Mandukayaniputra from Mandukiputra, 28. Mandukiputra from Sandiliputra, 29. Sandiliputra from Rathitariputra, 30 [*3]. Rathitariputra from Bhalukiputra, [p. 226] 31. Bhalukiputra from Kraunkikiputrau, 32. Kraunkikiputrau from Vaittabhatiputra [*1], 33. Vaittabhatiputra from Karsakeyiputra [*2], 34. Karsakeyiputra from Prakinayogiputra, 35. Prakinayogiputra from Sangiviputra [*3], 36. Sangiviputra from Prasniputra Asurivasin, 37. Prasniputra Asurivasin from Asurayana, 38. Asurayana from Asuri, 39. Asuri 3. from Yagnavalkya, 40. Yagnavalkya from Uddalaka, 41. Uddalaka from Aruna, 42. Aruna from Upavesi, 43. Upavesi from Kusri, 44. Kusri from Vagasravas, 45. Vagasravas from Gihvavat Vadhyoga, 46. Gihvavat Vadhyoga from Asita Varshagana, 47. Asita Varshagana from Harita Kasyapa, 48. Harita Kasyapa from Silpa Kasyapa, 49. Silpa Kasyapa from Kasyapa Naidhruvi, 50. Kasyapa Naidhruvi from Vak, 51. Vak from Ambhini, 52. Ambhini from Aditya, the Sun. As coming from Aditya, the Sun, these pure [*4] Yagus verses have been proclaimed by Yagnavalkya Vagasaneya. [p. 227] 4 [*1]. The same as far as Sangiviputra (No. 36), then 36. Sangiviputra from Mandukayani, 37. Mandukayani from Mandavya, 38. Mandavya from Kautsa, 39. Kautsa from Mahitthi, 40. Mahitthi from Vamakakshayana, 41. Vamakakshayana from Sandilya, 42. Sandilya from Vatsya, 43. Vatsya from Kusri, 44. Kusri from Yagnavakas Ragastambayana, 45. Yagnavakas Ragastambayana from Tura Kavasheya, 46. Tura Kavasheya from Pragapati, 47. Pragapati from Brahman, 48. Brahman is Svayambhu, self-existent. Adoration to Brahman! Footnotes ^224b:1 The Madhyandinas begin with vayam, we, then 1. Bharadvagiputra, 2. Vatsimandaviputra, 3. Parasariputra, 4. Gargiputra, 5. Parasari-kaundiniputra, 6. Gargiputra, 7. Gargiputra, 8. Badeyiputra, 9. Maushikiputra, 10. Harikarniputra, 11. Bharadvagiputra, 12. Paingiputra, 13. Saunakiputra, 14. Kasyapi-balakya-mathariputra, 15. Kautsiputra, 16. Baudhiputra, 17. Salankayaniputra, 18. Varshaganiputra, 19. Gautamiputra, 20. Atreyiputra, 21. Gautamiputra, 22. Vatsiputra, 23. Bharadvagiputra, 24. Parasariputra, 25. Varkaruniputra; then from No. 20 as in the Kanva text. This stem is called by Sankara, Samastapravakanavamsah, and Anandagiri adds, purvau vamsau purushaviseshitau, tritiyas tu striviseshitah, stripradhanyat. Dvivedaganga writes, putramanthakarmanah strisamskararthatvenoktatvat tatsannidhanad ayam vamsah stripradhanyenokyate. ^225:1 M. has only one. ^225:2 M. inverts 23 and 24. ^225:3 Deest in M. ^226:1 Vaidabhritiputra, M. ^226:2 Bhalukiputra, M. ^226:3 Karsakeyiputra after 35 in M. ^226:4 They are called suklani, white or pure, because they are not mixed with Brahmanas, avyamisrani brahmanena (doshair asankirnani, paurusheyatvadoshadvarabhavad ityarthah). Or they are ayatayamani, unimpaired. Anandagiri adds, Pragapatim arabhya Sangiviputraparyantam (No. 36) Vagasaneyisakhasu sarvasv eko vamsa ityaha samanam iti. Dvivedaganga says: Vagisakhavakkhinnanam [p. 227] yagusham Suryenopadishtatvam Yagnavalkyena praptatvam ka puraneshu prasiddham. ^227:1 This last paragraph is wanting in the Madhyandina text, but a very similar paragraph occurs in Satapatha-brahmana X, 6, 5, 9, where, however, Vatsya comes before Sandilya. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 228] [p. 229] [p. 230] [p. 231] SVETASVATARA-UPANISHAD. FIRST ADHYAYA. 1. The Brahma-students say: Is Brahman the cause [*1]? Whence are we born? Whereby do we live, and whither do we go? O ye who know Brahman, (tell us) at whose command we abide, whether in pain or in pleasure? [p. 232] 2. Should time, or nature [*1], or necessity, or chance, or the elements be considered as the cause, or he who is called the person (purusha, vignanatma)? It cannot be their union either, because that is not self-dependent [*2], and the self also is powerless, because there is (independent of him) a cause of good and evil [*3]. 3. The sages, devoted to meditation and concentration, have seen the power belonging to God himself [*4], hidden in its own qualities (guna). He, being one, superintends all those causes, time, self, and the rest [*5]. 4 [*6]. We meditate on him who (like a wheel) has one felly with three tires, sixteen ends, fifty spokes, with twenty counter-spokes, and six sets of eight; [p. 233] whose one rope is manifold, who proceeds on three different roads, and whose illusion arises from two causes. [p. 234] 5 [*1]. We meditate on the river whose water consists of the five streams, which is wild and winding with its five springs, whose waves are the five vital breaths, whose fountain head is the mind, the course of the five kinds of perceptions. It has five whirlpools, its rapids are the five pains; it has fifty kinds of suffering, and five branches. 6. In that vast Brahma-wheel, in which all things live and rest, the bird flutters about, so long as he thinks that the self (in him) is different from the mover (the god, the lord). When he has been blessed by him, then he gains immortality [*2]. 7. But what is praised (in the Upanishads) is the [p. 235] [paragraph continues] Highest Brahman, and in it there is the triad [*1]. The Highest Brahman is the safe support, it is imperishable. The Brahma-students [*2], when they have known what is within this (world), are devoted and merged in the Brahman, free from birth [*3]. 8. The Lord (isa) supports all this together, the perishable and the imperishable, the developed and the undeveloped. The (living) self, not being a lord, is bound [*4], because he has to enjoy (the fruits of works); but when he has known the god (deva), he is freed from all fetters. 9. There are two, one knowing (isvara), the other not-knowing (giva), both unborn, one strong, the other weak [*5]; there is she, the unborn, through whom each man receives the recompense of his works [*6]; and there is the infinite Self (appearing) under all forms, but himself inactive. When a man finds out these three, that is Brahma [*7]. 10. That which is perishable [*8] is the Pradhana [*9] (the first), the immortal and imperishable is Hara [*10]. [p. 236] [paragraph continues] The one god rules the perishable (the pradhana) and the (living) self [*1]. From meditating on him, from joining him, from becoming one with him there is further cessation of all illusion in the end. 11. When that god is known, all fetters fall off, sufferings are destroyed, and birth and death cease. From meditating on him there arises, on the dissolution of the body, the third state, that of universal lordship [*2]; but he only who is alone, is satisfied [*3]. 12. This, which rests eternally within the self, should be known; and beyond this not anything has to be known. By knowing the enjoyer [*4], the enjoyed, and the ruler, everything has been declared to be threefold, and this is Brahman. 13. As the form of fire, while it exists in the under-wood [*5], is not seen, nor is its seed destroyed, [p. 237] but it has to be seized again and again by means of the stick and the under-wood, so it is in both cases, and the Self has to be seized in the body by means of the pranava (the syllable Om). 14. By making his body the under-wood, and the syllable Om the upper-wood, man, after repeating the drill of meditation, will perceive the bright god, like the spark hidden in the wood [*1]. 15. As oil in seeds, as butter in cream, as water in (dry) river-beds [*2], as fire in wood, so is the Self seized within the self, if man looks for him by truthfulness and penance [*3]; 16. (If he looks) for the Self that pervades everything, as butter is contained in milk, and the roots whereof are self-knowledge and penance. That is the Brahman taught by the Upanishad. Footnotes ^231:1 This translation seems the one which Sankara himself prefers, for on p. 277, when recapitulating, he says, kim brahma karanam ahosvit kaladi. In comparing former translations, whether by Weber, Roer, Gough, and others, it will be seen that my own differs considerably from every one of them, and differs equally from Sankara's interpretation. It would occupy too much space to criticise former translations, nor would it seem fair, considering how long ago they were made, and how imperfect were the materials which were then accessible. All I wish my readers to understand is that, if I differ from my predecessors, I do so after having carefully examined their renderings. Unfortunately, Roer's edition of both the text and the commentary is often far from correct. Thus in the very first verse of the Svetasvatara-upanishad, I think we ought to read sampratishthah, instead of sampratishthitah. In the commentary the reading is right. Vyavasyam is a misprint for vyavastham. In the second verse we must separate kalah and svabhavah. Yadrikhha no very unusual word, meaning chance, was formerly taken for a name of the moon! Instead of na tvatmabhavat, both sense and metre require that we should read anatmabhavat, though the commentators take a different view. They say, because there is a self, and then go on to say that even that would not suffice. Such matters, however, belong to a critical commentary on the Upanishads rather than to a translation, and I can refer to them in cases of absolute necessity only, and where the readings of the two MSS., A. and B, seem to offer some help. ^232:1 Svabhava, their own nature or independent character. ^232:2 Union presupposes a uniter. ^232:3 Atma is explained by Sankara as the givah, the living self, and as that living self is in his present state determined by karman, work belonging to a former existence, it cannot be thought of as an independent cause. ^232:4 Devatmasakti is a very important term, differently explained by the commentators, but meaning a power belonging to the Deva, the Isvara, the Lord, not independent of him, as the Sankhyas represent Prakriti or nature. Herein lies the important distinction between Vedanta and Sankhya. ^232:5 Kalatmabhyam yuktani, kalapurushasamyuktani svabhavadini. Atman is here taken as synonymous with purusha in verse 2. ^232:6 It is difficult to say whether this verse was written as a summing up of certain technicalities recognised in systems of philosophy existing at the time, or whether it is a mere play of fancy. I prefer the former view, and subjoin the explanation given by Sankara, though it is quite possible that on certain points he may be mistaken. The Isvara or deva is represented as a wheel with one felly, which would seem to be the phenomenal world. It is called trivrit, threefold, or rather having three tires, three bands or hoops to bind the felly, these tires being intended for the three gunas of the prakriti, the Sattva, Ragas, and Tamas. In the Brahmopanishad (Bibl. Ind. [p. 233] p. 251) the trivrit sutram is mentioned. Next follows shodasantam, ending in the sixteen. These sixteen are differently explained. They may be meant for the five elements and the eleven indriyas or organs (the five receptive and the five active senses, together with manas, the common sensory); or for the sixteen kalas, mentioned in the Prasnopanishad, VI, 1, p. 283. Then follows a new interpretation. The one felly may be meant for the chaos, the undeveloped state of things, and the sixteen would then be the two products in a general form, the Virag and the Sutratman, while the remaining fourteen would be the individual products, the bhuvanas or worlds beginning with Bhuh. Next follows satardharam, having fifty spokes. These fifty spokes are supposed to produce the motion of the mundane wheel, and are explained by Sankara as follows: 1. The five Viparyayas, misconceptions, different kinds of ignorance or doubt, viz. Tamas, Moha, Mahamoha, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, or, according to Patangali, ignorance, self-love, love, hatred, and fear (Yoga-sutras I, 8; II, 2; Sankhya-sutras III, 37). 2. The twenty-eight Asaktis, disabilities, causes of misconception. (See Sankhya-sutras III, 38.) 3. The nine inversions of the Tushtis, satisfactions. (Sankhya-sutras III, 39.) 4. The eight inversions of the Siddhis, perfections. (Sankhya-sutras III, 40.) These are afterwards explained singly. There are 8 kinds of Tamas, 8 kinds of Moha, 10 kinds of Mahamoha, 18 kinds of Tamisra, and 18 kinds of Andhatamisra, making 62 in all. More information on the Asaktis, the Tushtis, and Siddhis may be found in the Sankhya-sutras III, 37-45; Sankhya-karika 47 seq.; Yoga-sutras II, 2 seq. Then follow the 20 pratyaras, the counter-spokes, or wedges to strengthen the spokes, viz. the 10 senses and their 10 objects. The six ashtakas or ogdoads are explained as the ogdoads of Prakriti, of substances (dhatu), of powers (aisvarya), of states (bhava), of gods (deva), of virtues (atmaguna). The one, though manifold cord, is love or desire, Kama, whether of food, children, heaven or anything else. The three paths are explained as righteousness, unrighteousness, [p. 234] and knowledge, and the one deception arising from two causes is ignorance of self, produced by good or bad works. ^234:1 Here again, where the Isvara is likened to a stream, the minute coincidences are explained by Sankara in accordance with certain systems of philosophy. The five streams are the five receptive organs, the five springs are the five elements, the five waves are the five active organs. The head is the manas, the mind, or common sensory, from which the perceptions of the five senses spring. The five whirlpools are the objects of the five senses, the five rapids are the five pains of being in the womb, being born, growing old, growing ill, and dying. The next adjective pankasadbhedam is not fully explained by Sankara. He only mentions the five divisions of the klesa (see Yoga-sutras II, 2), but does not show how their number is raised to fifty. Dr. Roer proposes to read pankaklesa-bhedam, but that would not agree with the metre. The five parvans or branches are not explained, and may refer to the fifty kinds of suffering (klesa). The whole river, like the wheel in the preceding verse, is meant for the Brahman as karyakaranatmaka, in the form of cause and effect, as the phenomenal, not the absolutely real world. ^234:2 If he has been blessed by the Isvara, i.e. when he has been accepted by the Lord, when he has discovered his own true self in the Lord. It must be remembered, however, that both the Isvara, the Lord, and the purusha, the individual soul, are phenomenal only, and that the Brahma-wheel is meant for the prapanka, the manifest, but unreal world. ^235:1 The subject (bhoktri), the object (bhogya), and the mover (preritri), see verse 12. ^235:2 B. has Vedavido, those who know the Vedas. ^235:3 Tasmin praliyate tv atma samadhih sa udahritah. ^235:4 Read badhyate for budhyate. ^235:5 The form isanisau is explained as khandasa; likewise brahmam for brahma. ^235:6 Cf. Svet. Up. IV, 5, bhuktabhogyam. ^235:7 The three are (1) the lord, the personal god, the creator and ruler; (2) the individual soul or souls; and (3) the power of creation, the devatmasakti of verse 3. All three are contained in Brahman; see verses 7, 12. So 'pi mayi paramesvaro mayopadhisannidhes tadvan iva. ^235:8 See verse 8. ^235:9 The recognised name for Prakriti, or here Devatmasakti, in the later Sankhya philosophy. ^235:10 Hara, one of the names of Siva or Rudra, is here explained as [p. 236] avidyader haranat, taking away ignorance. He would seem to be meant for the Isvara or deva, the one god, though immediately afterwards he is taken for the true Brahman, and not for its phenomenal divine personification only. ^236:1 The self, Atman, used here, as before, for purusha, the individual soul, or rather the individual souls. ^236:2 A blissful state in the Brahma-world, which, however, is not yet perfect freedom, but may lead on to it. Thus it is said in the Sivadharmottara: Dhyanad aisvaryam, atulam aisvaryat sukham uttamam, Gnanena tat parityagya videho muktim apnuyat. ^236:3 This alone-ness, kevalatvam, is produced by the knowledge that the individual self is one with the divine self, and that both the individual and the divine self are only phenomenal forms of the true Self, the Brahman. ^236:4 Bhokta, possibly for bhoktra, unless it is a Khandasa form. It was quoted before, Bibl. Ind. p. 292, l. 5. The enjoyer is the purusha, the individual soul, the subject; the enjoyed is prakriti, nature, the object; and the ruler is the Isvara, that is, Brahman, as god. I take brahmam etat in the same sense here as in verse 9. ^236:5 This metaphor, like most philosophical metaphors in Sanskrit, [p. 237] is rather obscure at first sight, but very exact when once understood. Fire, as produced by a fire drill, is compared to the Self. It is not seen at first, yet it must be there all the time; its linga or subtle body cannot have been destroyed, because as soon as the stick, the indhana, is drilled in the under-wood, the yoni, the fire becomes visible. In the same way the Self, though invisible during a state of ignorance, is there all the time, and is perceived when the body has been drilled by the Pranava, that is, after, by a constant repetition of the sacred syllable Om, the body has been subdued, and the ecstatic vision of the Self has been achieved. Indhana, the stick used for drilling, and yoni, the under-wood, in which the stick is drilled, are the two aranis, the fire-sticks used for kindling fire. See Tylor, Anthropology, p. 260. ^237:1 Cf. Dhyanavindupan. verse 20; Brahmopanishad, p. 256. ^237:2 Srotas, a stream, seems to mean here the dry bed of a stream, which, if dug into, will yield water. ^237:3 The construction is correct, if we remember that he who is seized is the same as he who looks for the hidden Self. But the metre would be much improved if we accepted the reading of the Brahmopanishad, evam atma atmani grihyate 'sau, which is confirmed by B. The last line would be improved by reading, satyenainam ye 'nupasyanti dhirah. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 238] SECOND ADHYAYA. 1 [*1]. Savitri (the sun), having first collected his mind and expanded his thoughts, brought Agni (fire), when he had discovered his light, above the earth. 2 [*2]. With collected minds we are at the command of the divine Savitri, that we may obtain blessedness. [p. 239] 3 [*1]. May Savitri, after he has reached with his mind the gods as they rise up to the sky, and with his thoughts (has reached) heaven, grant these gods to make a great light to shine. 4 [*2]. The wise sages of the great sage collect their mind and collect their thoughts. He who alone knows the law (Savitri) has ordered the invocations; great is the praise of the divine Savitri. [p. 240] 5 [*1]. Your old prayer has to be joined [*2] with praises. Let my song go forth like the path of the sun! May all the sons of the Immortal listen, they who have reached their heavenly homes. 6. Where the fire is rubbed [*3], where the wind is checked, where the Soma flows over, there the mind is born. [p. 241] 7. Let us love the old Brahman by the grace of Savitri; if thou make thy dwelling there, the path will not hurt thee [*1]. 8. If a wise man hold his body with its three erect parts (chest, neck, and head) even [*2], and turn his senses with the mind towards the heart, he will then in the boat of Brahman [*3] cross all the torrents which cause fear. 9. Compressing his breathings let him, who has subdued all motions, breathe forth through the nose with gentle breath [*4]. Let the wise man without fail restrain his mind, that chariot yoked with vicious horses [*5]. 10. Let him perform his exercises in a place [*6] [p. 242] level, pure, free from pebbles, fire, and dust, delightful by its sounds, its water, and bowers, not painful to the eye, and full of shelters and caves. 11. When Yoga is being performed, the forms which come first, producing apparitions in Brahman, are those of misty smoke, sun, fire, wind, fire-flies, lightnings, and a crystal moon [*1]. 12. When, as earth, water, light, heat, and ether arise, the fivefold quality of Yoga takes place [*2], then there is no longer illness, old age, or pain [*3] for him who has obtained a body, produced by the fire of Yoga. 13. The first results of Yoga they call lightness, healthiness, steadiness, a good complexion, an easy pronunciation, a sweet odour, and slight excretions. 14. As a metal disk (mirror), tarnished by dust, shines bright again after it has been cleaned, so is the one incarnate person satisfied and free from grief, after he has seen the real nature of the Self [*4]. [p. 243] 15. And when by means of the real nature of his self he sees, as by a lamp, the real nature of Brahman, then having known the unborn, eternal god, who is beyond all natures [*1], he is freed from all fetters. 16. He indeed is the god who pervades all regions: he is the first-born (as Hiranyagarbha), and he is in the womb. He has been born, and he will be born [*2]. He stands behind all persons, looking everywhere. 17. The god [*3] who is in the fire, the god who is in the water, the god who has entered into the whole world, the god who is in plants, the god who is in trees, adoration be to that god, adoration! Footnotes ^238:1 The seven introductory verses are taken from hymns addressed to Savitri as the rising sun. They have been so twisted by Sankara, in order to make them applicable to the teachings of the Yoga philosophy, as to become almost nonsensical. I have given a few specimens of Sankara's renderings in the notes, but have translated the verses, as much as possible, in their original character. As they are merely introductory, I do not understand why the collector of the Upanishad should have seen in them anything but an invocation of Savitri. These verses are taken from various Samhitas. The first yunganah prathamam is from Taitt. Samh. IV, 1, 1, 1, 1; Vag. Samh. XI, 1; see also Sat. Br. VI, 3, 1, 12. The Taittiriya-text agrees with the Upanishad, the Vagasaneyi-text has dhiyam for dhiyah, and agneh for agnim. Both texts take tatvaya as a participle of tan, while the Upanishad reads tattvaya, as a dative of tattva, truth. I have translated the verse in its natural sense. Sankara, in explaining the Upanishad, translates: 'At the beginning of our meditation, joining the mind with the Highest Self, also the other pranas, or the knowledge of outward things, for the sake of truth, Savitri, out of the knowledge of outward things, brought Agni, after having discovered his brightness, above the earth, in this body.' He explains it: 'May Savitri, taking our thoughts away from outward things, in order to concentrate them on the Highest Self, produce in our speech and in our other senses that power which can lighten all objects, which proceeds from Agni and from the other favourable deities.' He adds that 'by the favour of Savitri, Yoga may be obtained.' ^238:2 The second verse is from Taitt. Samh. IV, 1, 1, 1, 3; Vag. Samh. XI, 2. The Vagasaneyi-text has svargyaya for svargeyaya, and saktya for saktyai. Sankara explains: 'With a mind that has been joined [p. 239] by Savitri to the Highest Self, we, with the sanction of that Savitri, devote ourselves to the work of meditation, which leads to the obtainment of Svarga, according to our power.' He explains Svarga by Paramatman. Sayana in his commentary on the Taittiriya-samhita explains svargeyaya by svargaloke giyamanasyagneh sampadanaya; Sankara, by svargapraptihetubhutaya dhyanakarmane. Saktyai is explained by Sankara by yathasamarthyam; by Sayana, by sakta bhuyasma. Mahidhara explains saktya by svasamarthyena. I believe that the original reading was svargyaya saktyai, and that we must take saktyai as an infinitive, like ityai, construed with a dative, like drisaye suryaya, for the seeing of the sun. The two attracted datives would be governed by save, 'we are under the command of Savitri,' svargyaya saktyai, 'that we may obtain svargya, life in Svarga or blessedness.' ^239:1 The third verse is from Taitt. Samh. IV, 1, 1, 1, 2; Vag. Samh. XI, 3. The Taittiriyas read yuktvaya manasa; the Vagasaneyins, yuktvaya savita. Sankara translates: 'Again he prays that Savitri, having directed the devas, i.e. the senses, which are moving towards Brahman, and which by knowledge are going to brighten up the heavenly light of Brahman, may order them to do so; that is, he prays that, by the favour of Savitri, our senses should be turned away from outward things to Brahman or the Self.' Taking the hymn as addressed to Savitri, I have translated deva by gods, not by senses, suvaryatah by rising to the sky, namely, in the morning. The opposition between manasa and dhiya is the same here as in verse 1, and again in verse 4. ^239:2 This verse is from Taitt. Samh. IV, 1, 1, 1, 4; I, 2, 13, 1, 1; Vag. Samh. V, 14; XI, 4; XXXVII, 2; Rig-veda V, 81, 1; Sat. Br. III, 5, 3, 11; VI, 3, 1, 16. Sankara explains this verse again in the same manner as he did the former verses, while the Satapatha-brahmana supplies two different ritual explanations. ^240:1 For this verse, see Taitt. Samh. IV, 1, 1, 2, 1; Vag. Samh. XI, 5; Atharva-veda XVIII, 3, 39; Rig-veda X, 13, 1. The Vagasaneyins read vi sloka etu for vi sloka yanti; sureh for surah; srinvantu for srinvanti; and the Rig-veda agrees with them. The dual vam is accounted for by the verse belonging to a hymn celebrating the two sakatas, carts, bearing the offerings (havirdhane); most likely, however, the dual referred originally to the dual deities of heaven and earth. I prefer the text of the Rig-veda and the Vagasaneyins to that of the Taittiriyas, and have translated the verse accordingly. In the Atharva-veda XVIII, 39, if we may trust the edition, the verse begins with svasasthe bhavatam indave nah, which is really the end of the next verse (Rv. X, 13, 2), while the second line is, vi sloka eti pathyeva surih srinvantu visve amritasa etat. I see no sense in pathyeva surah. Sankara explains pathyeva by pathi sanmarge, athava pathya kirtih, while his later commentary, giving srinvantu and putrah suratmano hiranyagarbhasya, leads one to suppose that he read sureh srinvantu. Sayana (Taitt. Samh. IV, 1, 1, 2) explains pathya sura iva by girvanamarga antarikshe suryarasmayo yatha prasaranti tadvat. The same, when commenting on the Rig-veda (X, 13, 1), Says: pathya-iva sureh, yatha stotuh svabhuta pathya parinamasukhavahahutir visvan devan prati vividham gakkhati tadvat. Mahidhara (Vag. Samh. XI, 5) refers sureh (panditasya) to slokah, and explains pathyeva by patho 'napeta pathya yagnamargapravrittahutih. ^240:2 Yuge cannot stand for yunge, as all commentators and translators suppose, but is a datival infinitive. Neither can yungate in the following verse stand for yunkte (see Boehtlingk, s. v.), or be explained as a subjunctive form. A. reads adhirudhyate, B. abhirudhyate, with a marginal note abhinudyate. It is difficult to say whether in lighting the fire the wind should be directed towards it, or kept from it. ^240:3 That is, at the Soma sacrifice, after the fire has been kindled and stirred by the wind, the poets, on partaking of the juice, are [p. 241] inspirited for new songs. Sankara, however, suggests another explanation as more appropriate for the Upanishad, namely, 'Where the fire, i.e. the Highest Self, which burns all ignorance, has been kindled (in the body, where it has been rubbed with the syllable Om), and where the breath has acted, i.e. has made the sound peculiar to the initial stages of Yoga, there Brahman is produced.' In fact, what was intended to be taught was this, that we must begin with sacrificial acts, then practise yoga, then reach samadhi, perfect knowledge, and lastly bliss. ^241:1 We must read krinavase, in the sense of 'do this and nothing will hurt thee,' or, if thou do this, thy former deeds will no longer hurt thee. ^241:2 Cf. Bhagavadgita VI, 13. Samam kayasirogrivam dharayan. Sankara says: triny unnatany urogrivasiramsy unnatani yasmin sarire. ^241:3 Explained by Sankara as the syllable Om. ^241:4 Cf. Bhagavadgita V, 27. Pranapanau samau kritva nasabhyantara karinau. See Telang's notes, Sacred Books of the East, vol. viii, p. 68 seq. ^241:5 A similar metaphor in Kath. Up. III, 4-6; Sacred Books of the East, vol. xv, p. 13. ^241:6 The question is whether sabdagalasrayadibhih should be referred to mano 'nukule, as I have translated it, or to vivargite, as Sankara seems to take it, because he renders sabda, sound, by noise, and [p. 242] asraya by mandapa, a booth. See Bhagavadgita VI, 11. In the Maitr. Up. VI, 30, Ramatirtha explains sukau dese by girinadipulinaguhadisuddhastane. See also Asv. Grihya-sutras III, 2, 2. ^242:1 Or, it may be, a crystal and the moon. ^242:2 The Yogaguna is described as the quality of each element, i.e. smell of the earth, taste of water, &c. It seems that the perception of these gunas is called yogapravritti. Thus by fixing the thought on the tip of the nose, a perception of heavenly scent is produced; by fixing it on the tip of the tongue, a perception of heavenly taste; by fixing it on the point of the palate, a heavenly colour; by fixing it on the middle of the tongue, a heavenly touch; by fixing it on the roof of the tongue, a heavenly sound. By means of these perceptions the mind is supposed to be steadied, because it is no longer attracted by the outward objects themselves. See Yoga-sutras I, 35. ^242:3 Or no death, na mrityuh, B. ^242:4 Paresham pathe tadvat sa tattvam prasamikshya dehiti. ^243:1 Sarvatattvair avidyatatkaryair visuddham asamsprishtam. ^243:2 This verse is found in the Vag. Samh. XXXII, 4; Taitt. Ar. X, 1, 3, with slight modifications. The Vagasaneyins read esho ha (so do A. B.) for esha hi; sa eva gatah (A. B.) for sa vigatah; ganas (A. B.) for ganams. The Aranyaka has sa vigayamanah for sa vigatah, pratyanmukhas for pratyanganams, and visvatomukhah for sarvatomukhah. Colebrooke (Essays, I, 57) gives a translation of it. If we read ganah, we must take it as a vocative. ^243:3 B. (not A.) reads yo rudro yo 'gnau. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 244] THIRD ADHYAYA [*1]. 1. The snarer [*2] who rules alone by his powers, who rules all the worlds by his powers, who is one and the same, while things arise and exist [*3],--they who know this are immortal. 2. For there is one Rudra only, they do not allow a second, who rules all the worlds by his powers. He stands behind all persons [*4], and after having created all worlds he, the protector, rolls it up [*5] at the end of time. 3 [*6]. That one god, having his eyes, his face, his arms, and his feet in every place, when producing heaven and earth, forges them together with his arms and his wings [*7]. [p. 245] 4. He [*1], the creator and supporter of the gods, Rudra, the great seer, the lord of all, he who formerly gave birth to Hiranyagarbha, may he endow us with good thoughts. 5 [*2]. O Rudra, thou dweller in the mountains, look upon us with that most blessed form of thine which is auspicious, not terrible, and reveals no evil! 6 [*3]. O lord of the mountains, make lucky that arrow which thou, a dweller in the mountains, holdest in thy hand to shoot. Do not hurt man or beast! 7. Those who know beyond this the High Brahman, the vast, hidden in the bodies of all creatures, and alone enveloping everything, as the Lord, they become immortal [*4]. 8 [*5]. I know that great person (purusha) of sunlike lustre beyond the darkness [*6]. A man who knows him truly, passes over death; there is no other path to go [*7]. 9. This whole universe is filled by this person (purusha), to whom there is nothing superior, from whom there is nothing different, than whom there is [p. 246] nothing smaller or larger, who stands alone, fixed like a tree in the sky [*1]. 10. That which is beyond this world is without form and without suffering. They who know it, become immortal, but others suffer pain indeed [*2]. 11. That Bhagavat [*3] exists in the faces, the heads, the necks of all, he dwells in the cave (of the heart) of all beings, he is all-pervading, therefore he is the omnipresent Siva. 12. That person (purusha) is the great lord; he is the mover of existence [*4], he possesses that purest power of reaching everything [*5], he is light, he is undecaying. 13 [*6]. The person (purusha), not larger than a thumb, [p. 247] dwelling within, always dwelling in the heart of man, is perceived by the heart, the thought [*1], the mind; they who know it become immortal. 14 [*2]. The person (purusha) with a thousand heads. a thousand eyes, a thousand feet, having compassed the earth on every side, extends beyond it by ten fingers' breadth. 15. That person alone (purusha) is all this, what has been and what will be; he is also the lord of immortality; he is whatever grows by food [*3]. 16. Its [*4] hands and feet are everywhere, its eyes and head are everywhere, its ears are everywhere, it stands encompassing all in the world [*5]. 17. Separate from all the senses, yet reflecting the qualities of all the senses, it is the lord and ruler of all, it is the great refuge of all. 18. The embodied spirit within the town with nine gates [*6], the bird, flutters outwards, the ruler of [p. 248] the whole world, of all that rests and of all that moves. 19. Grasping without hands, hasting without feet, he sees without eyes, he hears without ears. He knows what can be known, but no one knows him; they call him the first, the great person (purusha). 20 [*1]. The Self, smaller than small, greater than great, is hidden in the heart of the creature. A man who has left all grief behind, sees the majesty, the Lord, the passionless, by the grace of the creator (the Lord). 21 [*2]. I know [*3] this undecaying, ancient one, the self of all things, being infinite and omnipresent. They declare that in him all birth is stopped, for the Brahma-students proclaim him to be eternal [*4]. Footnotes ^244:1 This Adhyaya represents the Highest Self as the personified deity, as the lord, isa, or Rudra, under the sway of his own creative power, prakriti or maya. ^244:2 Sankara explains gala, snare, by maya. The verse must be corrected, according to Sankara's commentary: ya eko galavan isata isanibhih sarvan llokan isata isanibhih. ^244:3 Sambhava, in the sense of Vergehen, perishing, rests on no authority. ^244:4 Here again the MSS. A. B. read ganas, as a vocative. ^244:5 I prefer samkukoka to samkukopa, which gives us the meaning that Rudra, after having created all things, draws together, i.e. takes them all back into himself, at the end of time. I have translated samsrigya by having created, because Boehtlingk and Roth give other instances of samsrig with that sense. Otherwise, 'having mixed them together again,' would seem more appropriate. A. and B. read samkukoka. ^244:6 This is a very popular verse, and occurs Rig-veda X, 81, 3; Vag. Samh. XVII, 19; Ath.-veda XIII, 2, 26; Taitt. Samh. IV, 6, 2, 4; Taitt. Ar. X, 1, 3. ^244:7 Sankara takes dhamati in the sense of samyogayati, i.e. he joins men with arms, birds with wings. ^245:1 See IV, 12. ^245:2 See Vag. Samh. XVI, 2; Taitt. Samh. IV, 5, 1, 1. ^245:3 See Vag. Samh. XVI, 3; Taitt. Samh. IV, 5, 1, 1; Nilarudropan. p. 274. ^245:4 The knowledge consists in knowing either that Brahman is Isa or that Isa is Brahman. But in either case the gender of the adjectives is difficult. The Svetasvatara-upanishad seems to use brihanta as an adjective, instead of brihat. I should prefer to translate: Beyond this is the High Brahman, the vast. Those who know Isa, the Lord, hidden in all things and embracing all things to be this (Brahman), become immortal. See also Muir, Metrical Translations, p. 196, whose translation of these verses I have adopted with few exceptions. ^245:5 Cf. Vag. Samh. XXX, 18; Taitt. Ar. III, 12, 3, ^245:6 Cf. Bhagavadgita VIII, 9. ^245:7 Cf. Svet. Up. VI, 15. ^246:1 Divi, the sky, is explained by Sankara as dyotanatmani svamahimni. ^246:2 The pain of samsara, or transmigration. See Brihad. Up. IV, 3, 20 (p. 178). ^246:3 I feel doubtful whether the two names Bhagavat and Siva should here be preserved, or whether the former should be rendered by holy, the latter by happy. The commentator explains Bhagavat by aisvaryasya samagrasya viryasya yasasah sriyah Gnanavairagyayos kaiva shannam bhaga itirana. [paragraph continues] Wilson, in his Essay on the Religious Sects of the Hindus, published in 1828, in the Asiatic Researches, XVI, p. 11, pointed out that this verse and another (Svet. Up. II, 2) were cited by the Saivas as Vedic authorities for their teaching. He remarked that these citations would scarcely have been made, if not authentic, and that they probably did occur in the Vedas. In the new edition of this Essay by Dr. Rost, 1862, the references should have been added. ^246:4 Sankara explains sattvasya by antahkaranasya. ^246:5 I take prapti, like other terms occurring in this Upanishad, in its technical sense. Prapti is one of the vibhutis or aisvaryas, viz. the power of touching anything at will, as touching the moon with the tip of one's finger. See Yoga-sutras, ed. Rajendralal Mitra, p. 121. ^246:6 Cf. Taitt. Ar. X, 71 (Anuv. 38, p. 858). Kath. Up. IV, 12-13; above, p. 16. ^247:1 The text has manvisa, which Sankara explains by gnanesa. But Weber has conjectured rightly, I believe, that the original text must have been manisha. The difficulty is to understand how so common a word as manisha could have been changed into so unusual a word as manvisa. See IV, 20. ^247:2 This is a famous verse of the Rig-veda, X, 90, 1; repeated in the Atharva-veda, XIX, 6, 1; Vag. Samh. XXXI, 1; Taitt. Ar. III, 12, 1. Sankara explains ten fingers' breadth by endless; or, he says, it may be meant for the heart, which is ten fingers above the navel. ^247:3 Sayana, in his commentary on the Rig-veda and the Taitt. Ar., gives another explanation, viz. he is also the lord of all the immortals, i.e. the gods, because they grow to their exceeding state by means of food, or for the sake of food. ^247:4 The gender changes frequently, according as the author thinks either of the Brahman, or of its impersonation as Isa, Lord. ^247:5 Sankara explains loka by nikaya, body. ^247:6 Cf. Kath. Up. V, 1. ^248:1 Cf. Taitt. Ar. X, 12 (10), p. 800; Kath. Up. II, 20; above, p. 11. The translation had to be slightly altered, because the Svetasvataras, as Taittiriyas, read akratum for akratuh, and isam for atmanah. ^248:2 Cf. Taitt. Ar. III, 13, 1; III, 12, 7. ^248:3 A. reads vedarudham, not B. ^248:4 A. and B. read brahmavadino hi pravadanti. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 249] FOURTH ADHYAYA. 1. He, the sun, without any colour, who with set purpose [*1] by means of his power (sakti) produces endless colours [*2], in whom all this comes together in the beginning, and comes asunder in the end--may he, the god, endow us with good thoughts [*3]. 2. That (Self) indeed is Agni (fire), it is Aditya (sun), it is Vayu (wind), it is Kandramas (moon); the same also is the starry firmament [*4], it is Brahman (Hiranyagarbha), it is water, it is Pragapati (Virag). 3. Thou art woman, thou art man; thou art youth, thou art maiden; thou, as an old man, totterest [*5] along on thy staff; thou art born with thy face turned everywhere. 4. Thou art the dark-blue bee, thou art the green [p. 250] parrot with red eyes, thou art the thunder-cloud, the seasons, the seas. Thou art without beginning [*1], because thou art infinite, thou from whom all worlds are born. 5 [*2]. There is one unborn being (female), red, white, and black, uniform, but producing manifold offspring. There is one unborn being (male) who loves her and lies by her; there is another who leaves her, while she is eating what has to be eaten. [p. 251] 6 [*1]. Two birds, inseparable friends, cling to the same tree. One of them eats the sweet fruit, the other looks on without eating. 7. On the same tree man sits grieving, immersed, bewildered, by his own impotence (an-isa). But when he sees the other lord (isa) contented, and knows his glory, then his grief passes away. 8 [*2]. He who does not know that indestructible being of the Rig-Veda, that highest ether-like (Self) wherein all the gods reside, of what use is the Rig-Veda to him? Those only who know it, rest contented. 9. That from which the maker (mayin [*3]) sends forth all this--the sacred verses, the offerings, the sacrifices, the panaceas, the past, the future, and all [p. 252] that the Vedas declare--in that the other is bound up through that maya. 10. Know then Prakriti (nature) is Maya (art), and the great Lord the Mayin (maker); the whole world is filled with what are his members. 11. If a man has discerned him, who being one only, rules over every germ (cause), in whom all this comes together and comes asunder again, who is the lord, the bestower of blessing, the adorable god, then he passes for ever into that peace. 12 [*1]. He, the creator and supporter of the gods, Rudra, the great seer, the lord of all, who saw [*2], Hiranyagarbha being born, may he endow us with good thoughts. 13. He who is the sovereign of the gods, he in whom all the worlds [*3] rest, he who rules over all two-footed and four-footed beings, to that god [*4] let us sacrifice an oblation. 14. He who has known him who is more subtile than subtile, in the midst of chaos, creating all things, having many forms, alone enveloping everything [*5], the happy one (Siva), passes into peace for ever. [p. 253] 15. He also was in time [*1] the guardian of this world, the lord of all, hidden in all beings. In him the Brahmarshis and the deities are united [*2], and he who knows him cuts the fetters of death asunder. 16. He who knows Siva (the blessed) hidden in all beings, like the subtile film that rises from out the clarified butter [*3], alone enveloping everything,--he who knows the god, is freed from all fetters. 17. That god, the maker of all things, the great Self [*4], always dwelling in the heart of man, is perceived by the heart, the soul, the mind [*5];--they who know it become immortal. 18. When the light has risen [*6], there is no day, no night, neither existence nor non-existence [*7]; Siva (the blessed) alone is there. That is the eternal, the adorable light of Savitri [*8],--and the ancient wisdom proceeded thence. 19. No one has grasped him above, or across, or in the middle [*9]. There is no image of him whose name is Great Glory. 20. His form cannot be seen, no one perceives him with the eye. Those [*10] who through heart and [p. 254] mind know him thus abiding in the heart, become immortal. 21. 'Thou art unborn,' with these words some one comes near to thee, trembling. O Rudra, let thy gracious [*1] face protect me for ever! 22 [*2]. O Rudra! hurt us not in our offspring and descendants, hurt us not in our own lives, nor in our cows, nor in our horses! Do not slay our men in thy wrath, for, holding oblations, we call on thee always. Footnotes ^249:1 Nihitartha, explained by Sankara as grihitaprayoganah svarthanirapekshah. This may mean with set purpose, but if we read agrihitaprayoganah it would mean the contrary, namely, without any definite object, irrespective of his own objects. This is possible, and perhaps more in accordance with the idea of creation as propounded by those to whom the devatmasakti is maya. Nihita would then mean hidden. ^249:2 Colour is intended for qualities, differences, &c. ^249:3 This verse has been translated very freely. As it stands, vi kaiti kante visvam adau sa devah, it does not construe, in spite of all attempts to the contrary, made by Sankara. What is intended is yasminn idam sam ka vi kaiti sarvam (IV, 11); but how so simple a line should have been changed into what we read now, is difficult to say. ^249:4 This is the explanation of Sankara, and probably that of the Yoga schools in India at his time. But to take sukram for diptiman nakshatradi, brahma for Hiranyagarbha, and Pragapati for Virag seems suggested by this verse only. ^249:5 Vankayasi, an exceptional form, instead of vankasi (A. B.) ^250:1 We see throughout the constant change from the masculine to the neuter gender, in addressing either the lord or his true essence. ^250:2 This is again one of the famous verses of our Upanishad, because it formed for a long time a bone of contention between Vedanta and Sankhya philosophers. The Sankhyas admit two principles, the Purusha, the absolute subject, and the Prakriti, generally translated by nature. The Vedanta philosophers admit nothing but the one absolute subject, and look upon nature as due to a power inherent in that subject. The later Sankhyas therefore, who are as anxious as the Vedantins to find authoritative passages in the Veda, confirming their opinions, appeal to this and other passages, to show that their view of Prakriti, as an independent power, is supported by the Veda. The whole question is fully discussed in the Vedanta-sutras I, 4, 8. Here we read rohita-krishna-suklam, which seems preferable to lohita-krishna-varnam, at least from a Vedanta point of view, for the three colours, red, black, and white, are explained as signifying either the three gunas, ragas, sattva, and tamas, or better (Khand. Up. VI, 3, 1), the three elements, tegas (fire), ap (water), and anna (earth). A. reads rohitasuklakrishnam; B. lohitasuklakrishna (sic). We also find in A. and B. bhuktabhogam for bhuktabhogyam, but the latter seems technically the more correct reading. It would be quite wrong to imagine that aga and aga are meant here for he-goat and she-goat. These words, in the sense of unborn, are recognised as early as the hymns of the Rig-veda, and they occurred in our Upanishad I, 9, where the two agas are mentioned in the same sense as here. But there is, no doubt, a play on the words, and the poet wished to convey the second meaning of he-goat and she-goat, only not as the primary, but as the secondary intention. ^251:1 The same verses occur in the Mundaka Up. III, 1. ^251:2 It is difficult to see how this verse comes in here. In the Taitt. Ar. II, 11, 6, it is quoted in connection with the syllable Om, the Akshara, in which all the Vedas are comprehended. It is similarly used in the Nrisimha-purva-tapani, IV, 2; V, 2. In our passage, however, akshara is referred by Sankara to the paramatman, and I have translated it accordingly. Rikah is explained as a genitive singular, but it may also be taken as a nom. plur., and in that case both the verses of the Veda and the gods are said to reside in the Akshara, whether we take it for the Paramatman or for the Om. In the latter case, parame vyoman is explained by utkrishte and rakshake. ^251:3 it is impossible to find terms corresponding to maya and mayin. Maya means making, or art, but as all making or creating, so far as the Supreme Self is concerned, is phenomenal only or mere illusion, maya conveys at the same time the sense of illusion. In the same manner mayin is the maker, the artist, but also the magician or juggler. What seems intended by our verse is that from the akshara which corresponds to brahman, all proceeds, whatever exists or seems to exist, but that the actual creator or the author of all emanations is Isa, the Lord, who, as creator, is acting through maya or devatmasakti. Possibly, however, anya, the other, may be meant for the individual purusha. ^252:1 See before, III, 4. ^252:2 Sankara does not explain this verse again, though it differs from III, 4. Vignanatman explains pasyata by apasyata, and qualifies the Atmanepada as irregular. ^252:3 B. reads yasmin devah, not A. ^252:4 I read tasmai instead of kasmai, a various reading mentioned by Vignanatman. It was easy to change tasmai into kasmai, because of the well-known line in the Rig-veda, kasmai devaya havisha vidhema. Those who read kasmai, explain it as a dative of Ka, a name of Pragapati, which in the dative should be kaya, and not kasmai. It would be better to take kasmai as the dative of the interrogative pronoun. See M. M., History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, p. 433; and Vitana-sutras IV, 22. ^252:5 Cf. III, 7. ^253:1 In former ages, Sankara. ^253:2 Because both the Brahmarshis, the holy seers, and the deities find their true essence in Brahman. ^253:3 We should say, like cream from milk. ^253:4 Or the high-minded. ^253:5 See III, 13. ^253:6 Atamas, no darkness, i.e. light of knowledge. ^253:7 See on the difficulty of translating sat and asat, to on and to me on, the remarks in the Preface. ^253:8 Referring to the Gayatri, Rig-veda III, 62, 10; see also Svet. Up. V, 4. ^253:9 See Muir, Metrical Translations, p. 198; Maitr. Up. VI, 17. ^253:10 B. reads hrida manisha manasabhiklipto, yat tad vidur; A. hridi hridistham manasaya enam evam vidur. ^254:1 Dakshina is explained either as invigorating, exhilarating, or turned towards the south. ^254:2 See Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays, I, p. 141; Rig-veda I, 114, 8; Taitt. Samh. IV, 5, 10, 3; Vag. Samh. XVI, 16. The various readings are curious. Ayushi in the Svet. Up., instead of ayau in the Rig-veda, is supported by the Taitt. Samh. and the Vag. Samh.; but Vignanatman reads ayau. As to bhamito, it seems the right reading, being supported by the Rig-veda, the Taitt. Samh., and the Svet. Up., while bhavito in Roer's edition is a misprint. The Vag. Samh. alone reads bhamino, which Mahidhara refers to viran. The last verse in the Rig-veda and Vag. Samh. is havishmantah sadam it tva havamahe; in the Taitt. Samh. havishmanto namasa vidhema te. In the Svet. Up. havishmantah sadasi tva havamahe, as printed by Roer, seems to rest on Sankara's authority only. The other commentators, Sankarananda and Vignanatman, read and interpret sadam it. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 255] FIFTH ADHYAYA. 1. In the imperishable and infinite Highest Brahman [*1], wherein the two, knowledge and ignorance, are hidden [*2], the one, ignorance, perishes [*3], the other, knowledge, is immortal; but he who controls both, knowledge and ignorance, is another [*4]. 2. It is he who, being one only, rules over every germ (cause), over all forms, and over all germs; it is he who, in the beginning, bears [*5] in his thoughts the wise son, the fiery, whom he wishes to look on [*6] while he is born [*7]. 3 [*8]. In that field [*9] in which the god, after spreading out one net after another [*10] in various ways, draws it together again, the Lord, the great Self [*11], having [p. 256] further created the lords [*1], thus carries on his lordship over all. 4. As the car (of the sun) shines, lighting up all quarters, above, below, and across, thus does that god, the holy, the adorable, being one, rule over all that has the nature of a germ [*2]. 5. He, being one, rules over all and everything, so that the universal germ ripens its nature, diversifies all natures that can be ripened [*3], and determines all qualities [*4]. 6 [*5]. Brahma (Hiranyagarbha) knows this, which is hidden in the Upanishads, which are hidden in the Vedas, as the Brahma-germ. The ancient gods [p. 257] and poets who knew it, they became it and were immortal. 7 [*1]. But he who is endowed with qualities, and performs works that are to bear fruit, and enjoys the reward of whatever he has done, migrates through his own works, the lord of life, assuming all forms, led by the three Gunas, and following the three paths [*2]. 8 [*3]. That lower one also, not larger than a thumb, but brilliant like the sun, who is endowed with personality and thoughts, with the quality of mind and the quality of body, is seen small even like the point of a goad. 9. That living soul is to be known as part of the hundredth part of the point of a hair [*4], divided a hundred times, and yet it is to be infinite. 10. It is not woman, it is not man, nor is it neuter; whatever body it takes, with that it is joined [*5] (only). 11 [*6]. By means of thoughts, touching, seeing, and [p. 258] passions the incarnate Self assumes successively in various places various forms [*1], in accordance with his deeds, just as the body grows when food and drink are poured into it. 12. That incarnate Self, according to his own qualities, chooses (assumes) many shapes, coarse or subtile, and having himself caused his union with them, he is seen as another and another [*2], through the qualities of his acts, and through the qualities of his body. 13 [*3]. He who knows him who has no beginning and no end, in the midst of chaos, creating all things, having many forms, alone enveloping everything, is freed from all fetters. 14. Those who know him who is to be grasped by the mind, who is not to be called the nest (the body [*4]), who makes existence and non-existence, the [p. 259] happy one (Siva), who also creates the elements [*1], they have left the body. Footnotes ^255:1 Sankara explains Brahmapare by brahmano hiranyagarbhat pare, or by parasmin brahmani, which comes to the same. Vignanatman adds khandasah paranipatah. As the termination e may belong to the locative singular or to the nom. dual, commentators vary in referring some of the adjectives either to brahman or to vidyavidye. ^255:2 Gudhe, lokair gnatum asakye, Sankarananda. ^255:3 Sankara explains ksharam, by samsritikaranam, amritam by mokshahetuh. ^255:4 Sankara explains that he is different from them, being only the sakshin, or witness. Sankarananda seems to have read Somya, i.e. Somavatpriyadarsana, as if Svetasvatvara addressed his pupil. ^255:5 Like a mother, see I, 9. ^255:6 Like a father. ^255:7 See on this verse the remarks made in the Introduction. ^255:8 The MSS. read yasmin for asmin, and patayas for yatayas, which the commentator explains by patin. ^255:9 The world, or the mulaprakriti, the net being the samsara. ^255:10 Sankara explains ekaikam by pratyekam, i.e. for every creature, such as gods, men, beasts, &c. ^255:11 I doubt whether mahatma should be translated by the great [p. 256] Self, or whether great would not be sufficient. The whole verse is extremely difficult. ^256:1 From Hiranyagarbha to insects; or beginning with Mariki. ^256:2 Cf. IV, 11; V, 2. ^256:3 MS. B. has prakyan, and explains it by purvotpannan. ^256:4 This is again a very difficult verse. I have taken visvayonih as a name for Brahman, possessed of that devatmasakti which was mentioned before, but I feel by no means satisfied. The commentators do not help, because they do not see the difficulty of the construction. If one might conjecture, I should prefer paket for pakati, and should write parinamayed yat, and viniyogayed yat, unless we changed yakka into yas ka. ^256:5 This verse admits of various translations, and requires also some metrical emendations. Thus Vignanatman explains vedaguhyopanishatsu very ingeniously by the Veda, i.e. that part of it which teaches sacrifices and their rewards; the Guhya, i.e. the Aranyaka, which teaches the worship of Brahman under various legendary aspects; and the Upanishads, which teach the knowledge of Brahman without qualities. These three divisions would correspond to the karmakanda, yogakanda, and gnanakanda (Gaimini, Patangali, Badarayana). See Deussen, Vedanta, p. 20. Mr. Gough and Dr. Roer take Brahmayoni as 'the source of the Veda,' or as the source of Hiranyagarbha. The irregular form vedate may be due to a corruption of vedante. ^257:1 Here begins the description of what is called the tvam (thou), as opposed to the tat (that), i.e. the living soul, as opposed to the Highest Brahman. ^257:2 The paths of vice, virtue, and knowledge. ^257:3 Both MSS. (A. and B.) read aragramatro by avaro 'pi drishthah. ^257:4 An expression of frequent occurrence in Buddhist literature. ^257:5 A. and B. read yugyate. A. explains yugyate by sambadhyate. B. explains adyate bhakshyate tirobhutah kriyate. Sankara explains rakshyate, samrakshyate, tattaddharman atmany adhyasyabhimanyate. ^257:6 The MSS. vary considerably. Instead of mohair, A. and B. read homair. They read grasambuvrishtya katma. A. reads atmavivriddhiganma, B. atmanivriddhaganma. A. has abhisamprapadye, B. abhisamprapadyate. My translation follows Sankara, who seems to have read atmavivriddhiganma, taking the whole line [p. 258] as a simile and in an adverbial form. Vignanatman, however, differs considerably. He reads homaih, and explains homa as the act of throwing oblations into the fire, as in the Agnihotra. This action of the hands, he thinks, stands for all actions of the various members of the body. Grasambuvrishti he takes to mean free distribution of food and drink, and then explains the whole sentence by 'he whose self is born unto some states or declines from them again, namely, according as he has showered food and drink, and has used his hands, eyes, feelings, and thoughts.' Sankarananda takes a similar view, only he construes sankalpanam and sparsanam as two drishtis, te eva drishti, tayor atmagnau prakshepa homah; and then goes on, na kevalam etaih, kim tv asmin sthane sarire grasambuvrishtya ka. He seems to read atmavivriddhaganma, but afterwards explains vivriddhi by vividha vriddhih. ^258:1 Forms as high as Hiranyagarbha or as low as beasts. ^258:2 Instead of aparo, B. reads avaro, but explains aparo. ^258:3 Cf. III, 7; IV, 14, 16. ^258:4 Nida is explained as the body, but Sankarananda reads anilakhyam, who is called the wind, as being pranasya pranam, the breath of the breath. ^259:1 Sankara explains kalasargakaram by he who creates the sixteen kalas, mentioned by the Atharvanikas, beginning with prana, and ending with naman; see Prasna Up. VI, 4. Vignanatman suggests two other explanations, 'he who creates by means of the kala, i.e. his inherent power;' or 'he who creates the Vedas and other sciences.' The sixteen kalas are, according to Sankarananda, prana, sraddha, kha, vayu, gyotih, ap, prithivi, indriya, manah, anna, virya, tapah, mantra, karman, kala (?), naman. See also before, I, 4. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 260] SIXTH ADHYAYA. 1 [*1]. Some wise men, deluded, speak of Nature, and others of Time (as the cause of everything [*2]); but it is the greatness of God by which this Brahma-wheel is made to turn. 2. It is at the command of him who always covers this world, the knower, the time of time [*3], who assumes qualities and all knowledge [*4], it is at his command that this work (creation) unfolds itself, which is called earth, water, fire, air, and ether; 3 [*5]. He who, after he has done that work and rested again, and after he has brought together one essence (the self) with the other (matter), with one, two, three, or eight, with time also and with the subtile qualities of the mind, 4. Who, after starting [*6] the works endowed with (the three) qualities, can order all things, yet when, in the absence of all these, he has caused the destruction of the work, goes on, being in truth [*7] different (from all he has produced); [p. 261] 5. He is the beginning, producing the causes which unite (the soul with the body), and, being [p. 262] above the three kinds of time (past, present, future), he is seen as without parts [*1], after we have first worshipped that adorable god, who has many forms, and who is the true source (of all things), as dwelling in our own mind. 6. He is beyond all the forms of the tree [*2] (of the world) and of time, he is the other, from whom this world moves round, when [*3] one has known him who [p. 263] brings good and removes evil, the lord of bliss, as dwelling within the self, the immortal, the support of all. 7. Let us know that highest great lord of lords [*1], the highest deity of deities, the master of masters, the highest above, as god, the lord of the world, the adorable. 8. There is no effect and no cause known of him, no one is seen like unto him or better; his high power is revealed as manifold, as inherent, acting as force and knowledge. 9. There is no master of his in the world, no ruler of his, not even a sign of him [*2]. He is the cause, the lord of the lords of the organs [*3], and there is of him neither parent nor lord. 10. That only god who spontaneously covered himself, like a spider, with threads drawn from the first cause (pradhana), grant us entrance into Brahman [*4]. 11. He is the one God, hidden in all beings, all-pervading, [p. 264] the self within all beings, watching over all works, dwelling in all beings, the witness, the perceiver [*1], the only one, free from qualities. 12 [*2]. He is the one ruler of many who (seem to act, but really do) not act [*3]; he makes the one seed manifold. The wise who perceive him within their self, to them belongs eternal happiness, not to others. 13 [*4]. He is the eternal among eternals, the thinker among thinkers, who, though one, fulfils the desires of many. He who has known that cause which is to be apprehended by Sankhya (philosophy) and Yoga (religious discipline), he is freed from all fetters. [p. 265] 14. The [*1] sun does not shine there, nor the moon and the stars, nor these lightnings, and much less this fire. When he shines, everything shines after him; by his light all this is lightened. 15. He is the one bird [*2] in the midst of the world; he is also (like) the fire (of the sun) that has set in the ocean. A man who knows him truly, passes over death [*3]; there is no other path to go. 16. He makes all, he knows all, the self-caused, the knower [*4], the time of time (destroyer of time), who assumes qualities and knows everything, the master of nature and of man [*5], the lord of the three qualities (guna), the cause of the bondage, the existence, and the liberation of the world [*6]. 17. He who has become that [*7], he is the immortal, remaining the lord, the knower, the ever-present guardian of this world, who rules this world for ever, for no one else is able to rule it. 18. Seeking for freedom I go for refuge to that God who is the light of his own thoughts [*8], he who [p. 266] first creates Brahman (m.) [*1] and delivers the Vedas to him; 19. Who is without parts, without actions, tranquil, without fault, without taint [*2], the highest bridge to immortality--like a fire that has consumed its fuel. 20. Only when men shall roll up the sky like a hide, will there be an end of misery, unless God has first been known [*3]. 21. Through the power of his penance and through the grace of God [*4] has the wise Svetasvatara truly [*5] proclaimed Brahman, the highest and holiest, to the best of ascetics [*6], as approved by the company of Rishis. [p. 267] 22. This highest mystery in the Vedanta, delivered in a former age, should not be given to one whose passions have not been subdued, nor to one who is not a son, or who is not a pupil [*1]. 23. If these truths have been told to a high-minded man, who feels the highest devotion for God, and for his Guru as for God, then they will shine forth,--then they will shine forth indeed. Footnotes ^260:1 See Muir, Metrical Translations, p. 198. ^260:2 See before, 1, 2. ^260:3 The destroyer of time. Vignanatman reads kalakalo, and explains it by kalasya niyanta, upaharta. Sankarananda explains kalah sarvavinasakari, tasyapi vinasakarah. See also verse 16. ^260:4 Or sarvavid yah. ^260:5 Instead of vinivartya, Vignanatman and Sankarananda read vinivritya. ^260:6 Aruhya for arabhya, Sankarananda. ^260:7 These two verses are again extremely obscure, and the explanations of the commentators throw little light on their real, original meaning. To begin with Sankara, he assumes the subject to be the same as he at whose command this work unfolds itself, and explains [p. 261] tattvasya tattvena sametya yogam by atmano bhumyadina yogam samgamayya. As the eight Tattvas he gives earth, water, fire, air, ether, mind, thought, personality, while the Atmagunas are, according to him, the affections of the mind, love, anger, &c. In the second verse, however, Sankara seems to assume a different subject. 'If a man,' he says, 'having done works, infected by qualities, should transfer them on Isvara, the Lord, there would be destruction of the works formerly done by him, because there would be no more connection with the self.' Something is left out, but that this is Sankara's idea, appears from the verses which he quotes in support, and which are intended to show that Yogins, transferring all their acts, good, bad, or indifferent, on Brahman, are no longer affected by them. 'That person,' Sankara, continues, 'his works being destroyed and his nature purified, moves on, different from all things (tattva), from all the results of ignorance, knowing himself to be Brahman.' 'Or,' he adds, 'if we read anyad, it means, he goes to that Brahman which is different from all things.' Sankarananda takes a different view. He says: 'If a man has performed sacrifices, and has finished them, or, has turned away from them again as vain, and if he has obtained union with that which is the real of the (apparently) real, &c.' The commentator then asks what is that with which he obtains union, and replies, 'the one, i.e. ignorance; the two, i.e. right and wrong; the three, i.e. the three colours, red, white, and black; and the eight, i.e. the five elements, with mind, thought, and personality; also with time, and with the subtile affections of the mind.' He then goes on, 'If that man, after having begun qualified works, should take on himself all states (resulting from ignorance), yet, when these states cease, there would be an end of the work, good or bad, done by him, and when his work has come to an end, he abides in truth (according to the Veda); while the other, who differs from the Veda, is wrong.' Sankarananda, however, evidently feels that this is a doubtful interpretation, and he suggests another, viz. 'If the Lord himself,' he says, 'determined these states (bhava), it would seem that there would be no end of samsara. He therefore says, that when these states, ignorance &c., cease, the work done by man ceases; and when the work done ceases, the living soul gets free of samsara, being in truth another, i.e. different from ignorance and its products.' Vignanatman says: 'If a man, having done work, turns away [p. 262] from it, and obtains union of one tattva (the tvam, or self) with the real tattva (the tat, or the Lord);--and how? By means of the one, i.e. the teaching of the Guru; the two, i.e. love of the Guru and of the Lord; the three, i.e. hearing, remembering, and meditating; the eight, i.e. restraint, penance, postures, regulation of the breath, abstraction, devotion, contemplation, and meditation (Yoga-sutras II, 2 9); by time, i.e. the right time for work; by the qualities of the self, i.e. pity, &c.; by the subtile ones, i.e. the good dispositions for knowledge, then (we must supply) he becomes free.' And this he explains more fully in the next verse. 'If, after having done qualified works, i.e. works to please the Lord, a Yati discards all things, and recognises the phenomenal character of all states, and traces them back to their real source in Mulaprakriti and, in the end, in the Sakkidananda, he becomes free. If they (the states) cease, i.e. are known in their real source, the work done ceases also in its effects, and when the work has been annihilated, he goes to freedom, being another in truth; or, if we read anyat, he goes to what is different from all these things, namely, to the Lord; or, he goes to a state of perfect lordship in truth, having discovered the highest truth, the oneness of the self with the Highest Self.' I think that, judging from the context, the subject is really the same in both verses, viz. the Lord, as passing through different states, and at last knowing himself to be above them all. Yet, the other explanations may be defended, and if the subject were taken to be different in each verse, some difficulties would disappear. ^262:1 Vignanatman and Sankarananda read akalo 'pi, without parts, and Sankara, too, presupposes that reading, though the text is corrupt in Roer's edition. ^262:2 Explained as samsaravriksha, the world-tree, as described in the Katha Up. VI, 1. ^262:3 It seems possible to translate this verse in analogy with the former, and without supplying the verb either from yati, in verse 4, [p. 263] or from vidama, in verse 7. The poet seems to have said, he is that, he is seen as that, when one has worshipped him, or when one has known him within oneself. ^263:1 Sankara thinks that the lords are Vaivasvata &c.; the deities, Indra &c.; the masters, the Pragapatis. Vignanatman explains the lords as Brahman, Vishnu, Rudra, &c.; the deities as Indra, &c.; the masters as Hiranyagarbha, &c. Sankarananda sees in the lords Hiranyagarbha &c., in the deities Agni &c., in the masters the Pragapatis, such as Kasyapa. ^263:2 If he could be inferred from a sign, there would be no necessity for the Veda to reveal him. ^263:3 Karana, instrument, is explained as organ of sense. The lords of such organs would be all living beings, and their lord the true Lord. ^263:4 Besides brahmapyayam, i.e. brahmany apyayam, ekibhavam, another reading is brahmavyayam, i.e. brahma kavyayam ka. ^264:1 All the MSS. seem to read keta, not ketta. ^264:2 See Katha-upanishad V, 12-15. ^264:3 Sankara explains that the acts of living beings are due to their organs, but do not affect the Highest Self, which always remains passive (nishkriya). ^264:4 I have formerly translated this verse, according to the reading nityo 'nityanam ketanas ketananam, the eternal thinker of non-eternal thoughts. This would be a true description of the Highest Self who, though himself eternal and passive, has to think (givatman) non-eternal thoughts. I took the first ketanah in the sense of ketta, the second in the sense of ketanam. The. commentators, however, take a different, and it may be, from their point, a more correct view. Sankara says: 'He is the eternal of the eternals, i.e. as he possesses eternity among living souls (givas), these living souls also may claim eternity. Or the eternals may be meant for earth, water, &c. And in the same way he is the thinker among thinkers.' Sankarananda says: 'He is eternal, imperishable, among eternal, imperishable things, such as the ether, &c. He is thinking among thinkers! Vignanatman says: 'The Highest Lord is the cause of eternity in eternal things on earth, and the cause of thought in the thinkers on earth.' But he allows another construction, namely, that he is the eternal thinker of those who on earth are endowed with eternity and thought. In the end all these interpretations come to [p. 265] the same, viz. that there is only one eternal, and only one thinker, from whom all that is (or seems to be) eternal and all that is thought on earth is derived. ^265:1 See Kath. Up. V, 15; Mund. Up. II, 2, 10; Bhagavadgita XV, 6. ^265:2 Hamsa, frequently used for the Highest Self, is explained here as hanty avidyadibandhakaranam iti hamsah. ^265:3 Cf. III, 8. ^265:4 Again the MSS. read kalakalo, as in verse 2. They also agree in putting gnah before kalakalo, as in verse 2. ^265:5 Pradhanam avyaktam, kshetragno vignanatma. ^265:6 He binds, sustains, and dissolves worldly existence. ^265:7 He who seems to exist for a time in the form of kshetragna and pradhana. ^265:8 The MSS. vary between atmabuddhiprakasam and atmabuddhiprasadam. The former reading is here explained by Sankarananda as svabuddhisakshinam. ^266:1 Explained as Hiranyagarbha. ^266:2 Niranganam nirlepam. ^266:3 Sankarananda reads tada sivam avignaya duhkhasyanto bhavishyati; Vignanatman retains devam but mentions sivam as a various reading. Both have anto, not antam, like Roer. Sankara seems to have found na before bhavishyati, or to have read duhkhanto na bhavishyati, for he explains that there will be no end of misery, unless God has first been known. It is possible, however, that the same idea may be expressed in the text as we read it, so that it should mean, Only when the impossible shall happen, such as the sky being rolled up by men, will misery cease, unless God has been discovered in the heart. ^266:4 The MSS, read devaprasadat, which is more in keeping with the character of this Upanishad. ^266:5 Samyak may be both adverb and adjective in this sentence, kakakshinyayena. ^266:6 Atyasramin is explained by Sankara as atyantam pugyatamasramibhyah; and he adds, katurvidha bhikshavas ka bahudakakutikakau, Hamsah paramahamsas ka yo yah paskat sa uttamah. Weber (Indische Studien, II, 109) has himself corrected his mistake of reading antyasramibhyah, and translating it by neighbouring hermits. These four stages in the life of a Sannyasin are the same to-day as they were in the time of the Upanishads, and Dayananda Sarasvati [p. 267] describes them in his autobiography, though in a different order: 1. Kutikaka, living in a hut, or in a desolate place, and wearing a red-ochre coloured garment, carrying a three-knotted bamboo rod, and wearing the hair in the centre of the crown of the head, having the sacred thread, and devoting oneself to the contemplation of Parabrahma. 2. Bahudaka, one who lives quite apart from his family and the world, maintains himself on alms collected at seven houses, and wears the same kind of reddish garment. 3. Hamsa, the same as in the preceding case, except the carrying of only a one-knotted bamboo. 4. Paramahamsa, the same as the others; but the ascetic wears the sacred thread, and his hair and beard are quite long. This is the highest of all orders. A Paramahamsa who shows himself worthy is on the very threshold of becoming a Dikshita. ^267:1 Cf. Brih. Up. VI, 3, 12; Maitr. Up. VI, 2 9. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 268] [p. 269] [p. 270] [p. 271] PRASNA-UPANISHAD. FIRST QUESTION. Adoration to the Highest Self! Harih, Om! 1. Sukesas [*1] Bharadvaga [*2], and Saivya Satyakama, and Sauryayanin [*3] Gargya, and Kausalya [*4] Asvalayana, and Bhargava Vaidarbhi [*5], and Kabandhin Katyayana, these were devoted to Brahman, firm in Brahman, seeking for the Highest Brahman. They thought that the venerable Pippalada could tell them all that, and they therefore took fuel in their hands (like pupils), and approached him. 2. That Rishi said to them: 'Stay here a year longer, with penance, abstinence, and faith; then you may ask questions according to your pleasure, and if we know them, we shall tell you all.' 3. Then [*6] Kabandhin Katyayana approached him and asked: 'Sir, from whence may these creatures be born?' [p. 272] 4. He replied: 'Pragapati (the lord of creatures) was desirous of creatures (pragah). He performed penance' [*1], and having performed penance, he produces a pair, matter (rayi) and spirit (prana), thinking that they together should produce creatures for him in many ways. 5 [*2]. The sun is spirit, matter is the moon. All this, what has body and what has no body, is matter, and therefore body indeed is matter. 6. Now Aditya, the sun, when he rises, goes toward the East, and thus receives the Eastern spirits into his rays. And when he illuminates the South, the West, the North, the Zenith, the Nadir, the intermediate quarters, and everything, he thus receives all spirits into his rays. 7. Thus he rises, as Vaisvanara, (belonging to all men,) assuming all forms, as spirit, as fire. This has been said in the following verse: 8 [*3]. (They knew) him who assumes all forms, the golden [*4], who knows all things, who ascends highest, alone in his splendour, and warms us; the thousand-rayed, who abides in a hundred places, the spirit of all creatures, the Sun, rises. 9. The year indeed is Pragapati, and there are two paths thereof, the Southern and the Northern. Now those who here believe in sacrifices and pious gifts as work done, gain the moon only as their [p. 273] [paragraph continues] (future) world, and return again. Therefore the Rishis who desire offspring, go to the South, and that path of the Fathers is matter (rayi). 10. But those who have sought the Self by penance, abstinence, faith, and knowledge, gain by the Northern path Aditya, the sun. This is the home of the spirits, the immortal, free from danger, the highest. From thence they do not return, for it is the end. Thus says the Sloka [*1]: 11. Some call him the father with five feet (the five seasons), and with twelve shapes (the twelve months), the giver of rain in the highest half of heaven; others again say that the sage is placed in the lower half, in the chariot [*2] with seven wheels and six spokes. 12. The month is Pragapati; its dark half is matter, its bright half spirit. Therefore some Rishis perform sacrifice in the bright half, others in the other half. 13. Day and Night [*3] are Pragapati; its day is spirit, its night matter. Those who unite in love by day waste their spirit, but to unite in love by night is right. 14. Food is Pragapati. Hence proceeds seed, and from it these creatures are born. 15. Those therefore who observe this rule of Pragapati (as laid down in section 13), produce a pair, and to them belongs this Brahma-world here [*4]. But [p. 274] those in whom dwell penance, abstinence, and truth, 16. To them belongs that pure Brahma-world, to them, namely, in whom there is nothing crooked, nothing false, and no guile.' Footnotes ^271:1 Sukesas seems better than Sukesan, and he is so called in the sixth Prasna, in MS. Mill 74. ^271:2 Bharadvaga, Saivya, Gargya, Asvalayana, Bhargava, and Katyayana are, according to Sankara, names of gotras or families. ^271:3 Suryasyapatyam Sauryah, tadapatyam Sauryayanih. Dirghah sulopas ka khandasa iti sa eva Sauryayani. ^271:4 Kausalyo namatah, kosalayam bhavo va. ^271:5 Vaidarbhi is explained as vidarbheh prabhavah, or Vidarbheshu prabhavah. Vidarbha, a country, south of the Vindhya mountains, with Kundina as its capital. Vaidarbha, a king of the Vidarbhas, is mentioned in the Ait. Brahm. VII, 34. Vaidarbhi is a patronymic of Vidarbha. See B. R. s. v. ^271:6 After the year was over. ^272:1 Or he meditated; see Upanishads, vol. i, p. 238, n. 3. ^272:2 Sankara explains, or rather obscures, this by saying that the sun is breath, or the eater, or Agni, while matter is the food, namely, Soma. ^272:3 Cf. Maitr. Up. VI, 8. ^272:4 Harinam is explained as rasmimantam, or as harati sarvesham praninam ayumshi bhauman va rasan iti harinah. I prefer to take it in the sense of yellow, or golden. ^273:1 Rig-veda I, 164, 12. We ought to read upare vikakshanam. ^273:2 Saptakakre, i.e. rathe. The seven wheels are explained as the rays or horses of the sun; or as half-years, seasons, months, half-months, days, nights, and muhurtas. ^273:3 Taken as one, as a Nychthemeron. ^273:4 In the moon, reached by the path of the Fathers. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND QUESTION. 1. Then Bhargava Vaidarbhi asked him: 'Sir, How many gods [*1] keep what has thus been created, how many manifest this [*2], and who is the best of them?' 2. He replied: 'The ether is that god, the wind, fire, water, earth, speech, mind, eye, and ear. These, when they have manifested (their power), contend and say: We (each of us) support this body and keep it [*3]. 3 [*4]. Then Prana (breath, spirit, life), as the best, said to them: Be not deceived, I alone, dividing myself fivefold, support this body and keep it. 4. They were incredulous; so he, from pride, did as if he were going out from above. Thereupon, [p. 275] as he went out, all the others went out, and as he returned, all the others returned. As bees go out when their queen [*1] goes out, and return when she returns, thus (did) speech, mind, eye, and ear; and, being satisfied, they praise Prana, saying: 5. He is Agni (fire), he shines as Surya (sun), he is Parganya (rain), the powerful (Indra), he is Vayu, (wind), he is the earth, he is matter, he is God--he is what is and what is not, and what is immortal. 6. As spokes in the nave of a wheel, everything is fixed in Prana, the verses of the Rig-veda, Yagur-veda, Sama-veda, the sacrifice, the Kshatriyas, and the Brahmans. 7. As Pragapati (lord of creatures) thou movest about in the womb, thou indeed art born again. To thee, the Prana, these creatures bring offerings, to thee who dwellest with the other pranas (the organs of sense). 8. Thou art the best carrier for the Gods, thou art the first offering [*2] to the Fathers. Thou art the true work of the Rishis [*3], of the Atharvangiras. 9. O Prana, thou art Indra by thy light, thou art Rudra, as a protector; thou movest in the sky, thou art the sun, the lord of lights. 10. When thou showerest down rain, then, O Prana, these creatures of thine are delighted [*4], hoping that there will be food, as much as they desire. [p. 276] 11. Thou art a Vratya [*1], O Prana, the only Rishi [*2], the consumer of everything, the good lord. We are the givers of what thou hast to consume, thou, O Matarisva [*3], art our father. 12. Make propitious that body of thine which dwells in speech, in the ear, in the eye, and which pervades the mind; do not go away! 13. All this is in the power of Prana, whatever exists in the three heavens. Protect us like a mother her sons, and give us happiness and wisdom.' Footnotes ^274:1 Devah, powers, organs, senses. ^274:2 Their respective power. ^274:3 This is Sankara's explanation, in which bana is taken to mean the same as sarira, body. But there seems to be no authority for such a meaning, and Anandagiri tries in vain to find an etymological excuse for it. Bana or Vana generally means an arrow, or, particularly in Brahmana writings, a harp with many strings. I do not see how an arrow could be used as an appropriate simile here, but a harp might, if we take avashtabhya in the sense of holding the frame of the instrument, and vidharayamah in the sense of stretching and thereby modulating it. ^274:4 On this dispute of the organs of sense, see Brih. Up. VI, 1, p. 201; Khand. Up. V, 1 (S. B. E., vol. i, p. 72). ^275:1 In Sanskrit it is madhukararaga, king of the bees. ^275:2 When a sraddha is offered to the Pitris. ^275:3 Explained as the eye and the other organs of sense which the chief Prana supports; but it is probably an old verse, here applied to a special purpose. ^275:4 Another reading is pranate, they breathe. ^276:1 A person for whom the samskaras, the sacramental and initiatory rites, have not been performed. Sankara says that, as he was the first born, there was no one to perform them for him, and that he is called Vratya, because he was pure by nature. This is all very doubtful. ^276:2 Agni is said to be the Rishi of the Atharvanas. ^276:3 Instead of the irregular vocative Matarisva, there is another reading, Matarisvanah, i.e. thou art the father of Matarisvan, the wind, and therefore of the whole world. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com THIRD QUESTION. 1. Then Kausalya Asvalayana asked: 'Sir, whence is that Prana (spirit) born? How does it come into this body? And how does it abide, after it has divided itself? How does it go out? How does it support what is without [*4], and how what is within?' 2. He replied: 'You ask questions more difficult, but you are very fond of Brahman, therefore I shall tell it you. 3. This Prana (spirit) is born of the Self. Like the shadow thrown on a man, this (the prana) is [p. 277] spread out over it (the Brahman) [*1]. By the work of the mind [*2] does it come into this body. 4. As a king commands officials, saying to them: Rule these villages or those, so does that Prana (spirit) dispose the other pranas, each for their separate work. 5. The Apana (the down-breathing) in the organs of excretion and generation; the Prana himself dwells in eye and ear, passing through mouth and nose. In the middle is the Samana [*3] (the on-breathing); it carries what has been sacrificed as food equally (over the body), and the seven lights proceed from it. 6. The Self [*4] is in the heart. There are the 101 arteries, and in each of them there are a hundred (smaller veins), and for each of these branches there are 72,000 [*5]. In these the Vyana (the back-breathing) moves. [p. 278] 7. Through one of them, the Udana (the out-breathing) leads (us) upwards to the good world by good work, to the bad world by bad work, to the world of men by both. 8. The sun rises as the external Prana, for it assists the Prana in the eye [*1]. The deity that exists in the earth, is there in support of man's Apana (down-breathing). The ether between (sun and earth) is the Samana (on-breathing), the air is Vyana (back-breathing). 9. Light is the Udana (out-breathing), and therefore he whose light has gone out comes to a new birth with his senses absorbed in the mind. 10. Whatever his thought (at the time of death) with that he goes back to Prana, and the Prana, united with light [*2], together with the self (the givatma) leads on to the world, as deserved. 11. He who, thus knowing, knows Prana, his offspring does not perish, and he becomes immortal. Thus says the Sloka: 12. He who has known the origin [*3], the entry, the place, the fivefold distribution, and the internal state [*4] of the Prana, obtains immortality, yes, obtains immortality.' Footnotes ^276:4 All creatures and the gods. ^277:1 Over Brahman, i.e. the Self, the parama purusha, the akshara, the satya. The prana being called a shadow, is thereby implied to be unreal (anrita). Sankara. ^277:2 Manokrita is explained as an arsha sandhi. It means the good or evil deeds, which are the work of the mind. ^277:3 I keep to the usual translation of Samana by on-breathing, though it is here explained in a different sense. Samana is here supposed to be between prana and apana, and to distribute the food equally, samam, over the body. The seven lights are explained as the two eyes, the two ears, the two nostrils, and the mouth. ^277:4 Here the Lingatma or Givatma. ^277:5 A hundred times 101 would give us 10,100, and each multiplied by 72,000 would give us a sum total of 727,200,000 veins, or, if we add the principal veins, 727,210,201. Anandagiri makes the sum total, 72 kotis, 72 lakshas, six thousands, two hundred and one, where the six of the thousands seems to be a mistake for dasasahasram. In the Brihadar. Upanishad II, 1, 19, we read of 72,000 arteries, likewise in Yagnavalkya III, 108. See also Brih. Up. IV, [p. 278]3, 20; Khand. Up. VI, 5, 3, comm.; Kaush. Up. IV, 20; Katha Up. VI, 16. ^278:1 Without the sun the eye could not see. ^278:2 With Udana, the out-breathing ^278:3 This refers to the questions asked in verse 1, and answered in the verses which follow. ^278:4 The adhyatma, as opposed to the vahya, mentioned in verse 1. Ayati instead of ayati is explained by khandasam hrasvatvam. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 279] FOURTH QUESTION. 1. Then Sauryayanin Gargya asked: 'Sir, What are they that sleep in this man, and what are they that are awake in him? What power (deva) is it that sees dreams? Whose is the happiness? On what do all these depend?' 2. He replied: 'O Gargya, As all the rays of the sun, when it sets, are gathered up in that disc of light, and as they, when the sun rises again and again, come forth, so is all this (all the senses) gathered up in the highest faculty (deva) [*1], the mind. Therefore at that time that man does not hear, see, smell, taste, touch, he does not speak, he does not take, does not enjoy, does not evacuate, does not move about. He sleeps, that is what people say. 3. The fires of the pranas are, as it were [*2], awake in that town (the body). The Apana is the Garhapatya fire, the Vyana the Anvaharyapakana fire; and because it is taken out of the Garhapatya fire, which is fire for taking out [*3], therefore the Prana is the Ahavaniya fire [*4]. Now the Apana is identified with the Garhapatya fire, no reason being given except afterwards, when it is said that the Prana is the Ahavaniya fire, being taken out of the Garhapatya, here called [p. 280] pranayana, in the same manner as the prana proceeds in sleep from the apana. The Vyana is identified with the Dakshinagni, the Southern fire, because it issues from the heart through an aperture on the right. [p. 280] 4. Because it carries equally these two oblations, the out-breathing and the in-breathing, the Samana is he (the Hotri priest) [*1]. The mind is the sacrificer, the Udana is the reward of the sacrifice, and it leads the sacrificer every day (in deep sleep) to Brahman. 5. There that god [*2] (the mind) enjoys in sleep greatness. What has been seen, he [*2] sees again; what has been heard, he hears again; what has been enjoyed in different countries and quarters, he enjoys again; what has been seen and not seen, heard and not heard, enjoyed and not enjoyed, he sees it all; he, being all, sees. 6. And when he is overpowered by light [*3], then that god sees no dreams, and at that time that happiness arises in his body. 7. And, O friend, as birds go to a tree to roost, thus all this rests in the Highest Atman,-- 8. The earth and its subtile elements, the water and its subtile elements, the light and its subtile elements, the air and its subtile elements, the ether and its subtile elements; the eye and what can be [p. 281] seen, the ear and what can be heard, the nose and what can be smelled, the taste and what can be tasted, the skin and what can be touched, the voice and what can be spoken, the hands and what can be grasped, the feet and what can be walked, the mind and what can be perceived, intellect (buddhi) and what can be conceived, personality and what can be personified, thought and what can be thought, light and what can be lighted up, the Prana and what is to be supported by it. 9. For he it is who sees, hears, smells, tastes, perceives, conceives, acts, he whose essence is knowledge [*1], the person, and he dwells in the highest, indestructible Self,-- 10. He who knows that indestructible being, obtains (what is) the highest and indestructible, he without a shadow, without a body, without colour, bright--,yes, O friend, he who knows it, becomes all-knowing, becomes all. On this there is this Sloka: 11. He, O friend, who knows that indestructible being wherein the true knower, the vital spirits (pranas), together with all the powers (deva), and the elements rest, he, being all-knowing, has penetrated all.' Footnotes ^279:1 See note to verse 5. ^279:2 We ought to read agnaya iva. ^279:3 Pranayana, praniyate 'smad iti pranayano garhapatyo 'gnih. ^279:4 The comparison between the pranas and the fires or altars is not very clear. As to the fires or altars, there is the Garhapatya, placed in the South-west, the household fire, which is always kept burning, from which the fire is taken to the other altars. The Anvaharyapakana, commonly called the Dakshina fire, placed in the South, used chiefly for oblations to the forefathers. The Ahavaniya fire, placed in the East, and used for sacrifices to the gods. ^280:1 The name of the Hotri priest must be supplied. He is supposed to carry two oblations equally to the Ahavaniya, and in the same way the Vyana, combines the two breathings, the in and out breathings. ^280:2 The givatman under the guise of manas. The Sanskrit word is deva, god, used in the sense of an invisible power, but as a masculine. The commentator uses manodevah, p. 212, l. 5. I generally translate deva, if used in this sense, by faculty, but the context required a masculine. See verse 2. ^280:3 In the state of profound sleep or sushupti. ^281:1 Buddhi and the rest are the instruments of knowledge, but there is the knower, the person, in the Highest Self. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FIFTH QUESTION. 1. Then Saivya Satyakama asked him:--'Sir, if some one among men should meditate here until death on the syllable Om, what would he obtain by it?' 2. He replied: 'O Satyakama, the syllable Om (AUM) is the highest and also the other Brahman; [p. 282] therefore he who knows it arrives by the same means [*1] at one of the two. 3. If he meditate on one Matra (the A) [*2], then, being enlightened by that only, he arrives quickly at the earth [*3]. The Rik-verses lead him to the world of men, and being endowed there with penance, abstinence, and faith, he enjoys greatness. 4. If he meditate with [*4] two Matras (A + U) he arrives at the Manas [*5], and is led up by the Yagus-verses to the sky, to the Soma-world. Having enjoyed greatness in the Soma-world, he returns again. 5. Again, he who meditates with this syllable AUM of three Matras, on the Highest Person, he comes to light and to the sun. And as a snake is freed from its skin, so is he freed from evil. He is led up by the Saman-verses to the Brahma-world [*6]; and from him, full of life (Hiranyagarbha, the lord of the Satya-loka [*7]), he learns [*8] to see the all-pervading, the Highest Person. And there are these two Slokas: 6. The three Matras (A + U + M), if employed separate, and only joined one to another, are mortal [*9]; [p. 283] but in acts, external, internal, or intermediate, if well performed, the sage trembles not [*1]. 7. Through the Rik-verses he arrives at this world, through the Yagus-verses at the sky, through the Saman-verses at that which the poets teach,--he arrives at this by means of the Onkara; the wise arrives at that which is at rest, free from decay, from death, from fear,--the Highest.' Footnotes ^282:1 Ayatanena, alambanena. ^282:2 Dipikayam Vakaspatinaivakaramatram ityeva vyakhyatam. ^282:3 Sampadyate prapnoti ganmeti seshah. ^282:4 Srutau tritiya dvitiyarthe. ^282:5 Literally the mind, but here meant for the moon, as before. It is clear that manasi belongs to sampadyate, not, as the Dipika and Roer think, to dhyayita. Some take it for svapnabhimani Hiranyagarbhah. ^282:6 The world of Hiranyagarbhah, called the Satyaloka. ^282:7 On a later addition, bringing in the Om as consisting of three Matras and a half, see Weber, Ind. Stud. I, p. 453; Roer, p. 238. ^282:8 Tadupadeseneti yavat. ^282:9 Because in their separate form, A, U, M, they do not mean the Highest Brahman. ^283:1 The three acts are explained as waking, slumbering, and deep sleep; or as three kinds of pronunciation, tara-mandra-madhyama. They are probably meant for Yoga exercises in which the three Matras of Om are used as one word, and as an emblem of the Highest Brahman. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SIXTH QUESTION. 1. Then Sukesas Bharadvaga asked him, saying: 'Sir, Hiranyanabha, the prince of Kosala [*2], came to me and asked this question: Do you know the person of sixteen parts, O Bharadvaga? I said to the prince: I do not know him; if I knew him, how should I not tell you? Surely, he who speaks what is untrue withers away to the very root; therefore I will not say what is untrue. Then he mounted his chariot and went away silently. Now I ask you, where is that person?' 2. He replied: 'Friend, that person is here within the body, he in whom these sixteen parts arise. 3. He reflected: What is it by whose departure I shall depart, and by whose staying I shall stay? 4. He sent forth (created) Prana (spirit) [*3]; from [p. 284] [paragraph continues] Prana Sraddha (faith) [*1], ether, air, light, water, earth, sense, mind, food; from food came vigour, penance, hymns, sacrifice, the worlds, and in the worlds the name [*2] also. 5. As these flowing rivers [*3] that go towards the ocean, when they have reached the ocean, sink into it, their name and form are broken, and people speak of the ocean only, exactly thus these sixteen parts of the spectator that go towards the person (purusha), when they have reached the person, sink into him, their name and form are broken, and people speak of the person only, and he becomes without parts and immortal. On this there is this verse: 6. That person who is to be known, he in whom these parts rest, like spokes in the nave of a wheel, you know him, lest death should hurt you.' 7. Then he (Pippalada) said to them: 'So far do I know this Highest Brahman, there is nothing higher than it.' 8. And they praising him, said: 'You, indeed, are our father, you who carry us from our ignorance to the other shore.' Adoration to the highest Rishis! Adoration to the highest Rishis! Tat sat. Harih, Om! Footnotes ^283:2 Sankara explains Kausalya by Kosalayam bhavah. Anandatirtha gives the same explanation. Kosala is the capital, generally called Ayodhya. There is no authority for the palatal s. ^283:3 Sankara explains prana by sarvaprano Hiranyagarbha (sarvapranikaranadharam antaratmanam). ^284:1 Faith is supposed to make all beings act rightly. ^284:2 Nama stands here for namarupe, name (concept) and form. See before, p. 259. ^284:3 Cf. Mund. Up. IV, 2, 8; Khand. Up. VIII, 10. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 285] [p. 286] [p. 287] Maitrayana-Brahmana-Upanishad FIRST PRAPATHAKA. 1. The laying of the formerly-described sacrificial fires [*1] is indeed the sacrifice of Brahman. Therefore let the sacrificer, after he has laid those fires, meditate on the Self. Thus only does the sacrificer become complete and faultless. But who is to be meditated on? He who is called Prana (breath). Of him there is this story: 2. A King, named Brihadratha, having established his son in his sovereignty [*2], went into the forest, because he considered this body as transient, and had obtained freedom from all desires. Having performed the highest penance, he stands there, with uplifted arms, looking up to the sun. At the end of a thousand (days) [*3], the Saint Sakayanya [*4], who knew the Self, came near [*5], burning with splendour, [p. 288] like a fire without smoke. He said to the King: 'Rise, rise! Choose a boon!' The King, bowing before him, said: 'O Saint, I know not the Self, thou knowest the essence (of the Self). We have heard so. Teach it us.' Sakayanya replied: 'This was achieved of yore; but what thou askest is difficult to obtain [*1]. O Aikshvaka, choose other pleasures.' The King, touching the Saint's feet with his head, recited this Gatha: 3. 'O Saint, What is the use of the enjoyment of pleasures in this offensive, pithless body--a mere mass of bones, skin, sinews, marrow [*2], flesh, seed, blood, mucus, tears, phlegm, ordure, water [*3], bile, and slime! What is the use of the enjoyment of pleasures in this body which is assailed by lust, hatred, greed, delusion, fear, anguish, jealousy, separation from what is loved, union with what is not loved [*4], hunger, thirst, old age, death, illness, grief, and other evils! 4. And we see that all this is perishable, as these flies, gnats, and other insects, as herbs and trees [*5], [p. 289] growing and decaying. And what of these? There are other great ones, mighty wielders of bows, rulers of empires, Sudyumna, Bhuridyumna, Indradyumna, Kuvalayasva, Yauvanasva, Vadhryasva, Asvapati [*1], Sasabindu, Hariskandra, Ambarisha [*2], Nahusha, Ananata, Saryati, Yayati, Anaranya [*3], Ukshasena [*4], &c., and kings such as Marutta, Bharata (Daushyanti), and others, who before the eyes of their whole family surrendered the greatest happiness, and passed on from this world to that. And what of these? There are other great ones. We see the destruction [*5] of Gandharvas, Asuras [*6], Yakshas, Rakshasas, Bhutas, Ganas, Pisakas, snakes, and vampires. And what of these? There is the drying up of other great oceans, the falling of mountains, the moving of the pole-star, the cutting of the wind-ropes (that hold the stars), the submergence of the earth, and the departure of the gods (suras) from their place. In such a world as this, what is the use of the enjoyment of pleasures, if he who has fed [*7] on them is seen [*8] to return (to this world) again [p. 290] and again! Deign therefore to take me out! In this world I am like a frog in a dry well. O Saint, thou art my way, thou art my way.' Footnotes ^287:1 The performance of all the sacrifices, described in the Maitrayana-brahmana, is to lead up in the end to a knowledge of Brahman, by rendering a man fit for receiving the highest knowledge. See Manu VI, 82: 'All that has been declared (above) depends on meditation; for he who is not proficient in the knowledge of the Self reaps not the full reward of the performance of rites.' ^287:2 Instead of viragye, a doubtful word, and occurring nowhere else, m. reads vairagye. ^287:3 Or years, if we read sahasrasya instead of sahasrahasya. ^287:4 The descendant of Sakayana. Saint is perhaps too strong; it means a holy, venerable man, and is frequently applied to a Buddha. ^287:5 Both M. and m. add muneh before antikam, whereas the commentary has ragnah. ^288:1 Though the commentator must have read etad vrittam purastad duhsakyam etat prasnam, yet prasnam as a neuter is very strange. M. reads etad vrittam purastat, dussakama prikkha prasnam; m. reads etad vratam purastad asakyam ma prikha prasnam aikshvaka, &c. This suggests the reading, etad vrittam purastad duhsakam mi prikkha prasnam, i.e. this was settled formerly, do not ask a difficult or an impossible question. ^288:2 Read magga. ^288:3 M. adds vata before pitta; not m. ^288:4 An expression that often occurs in Buddhist literature. See also Manu VI, 62: 'On their separation from those whom they love, and their union with those whom they hate; on their strength overpowered by old age, and their bodies racked with disease.' ^288:5 The Sandhi vanaspatayodbhuta for vanaspataya udbhuta is anomalous. M. reads vanaspatayo bhutapradhvamsinah. ^289:1 M. carries on asvapatisasabinduhariskandrambarisha. ^289:2 After Ambarisha, M. reads Nabhushananutusayyatiyayatyanaranyakshasenadayo. Nahusha (Naghusha?) is the father of Saryati; Nabhaga, the father of Ambarisha. These names are so carelessly written that even the commentator says that the text is either khandasa or pramadika. Ananata is a mere conjecture. It occurs as the name of a Rishi in Rig-veda IX, 111. ^289:3 Anaranya, mentioned in the Mahabharata, I, 230. ^289:4 M. reads anaranyakshasena. ^289:5 M. and m. read nirodhanam. ^289:6 M. adds Apsarasas. ^289:7 AL and m. read asritasya, but the commentator explains asitasya. ^289:8 Here we have the Maitrayana Sandhi, drisyata iti, instead of drisyata iti; see von Schroeder, Maitrayani Samhita, p. xxviii. M. and m. read drisyata. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SECOND PRAPATHAKA. 1. Then the Saint Sakayanya, well pleased, said to the King: 'Great King Brihadratha, thou banner of the race of Ikshvaku, quickly obtaining a knowledge of Self, thou art happy, and art renowned by the name of Marut, the wind [*1]. This indeed is thy Self [*2].' 'Which [*3], O Saint,' said the King. Then the Saint said to him: 2. 'He [*4] who, without stopping the out-breathing [*5], proceeds upwards (from the sthula to the sukshma sarira), and who, modified (by impressions), and yet not modified [*6], drives away the darkness (of error), he is the Self. Thus said the Saint Maitri [*7].' And Sakayanya said to the King Brihadratha: 'He who in perfect rest, rising from this body (both from the sthula and sukshma), and reaching the highest [p. 291] light [*1], comes forth in his own form, he is the Self [*2] (thus said Sakayanya); this is the immortal, the fearless, this is Brahman.' 3. 'Now then this is the science of Brahman, and the science of all Upanishads, O King, which was told us by the Saint Maitri [*3]. I shall tell it to thee: 'We hear (in the sacred records) that there were once the Valakhilyas [*4], who had left off all evil, who were vigorous and passionless. They said to the Pragapati Kratu: "O Saint, this body is without intelligence, like a cart. To what supernatural being belongs this great power by which such a body has been made intelligent? Or who is the driver? What thou knowest, O Saint, tell us that [*5]."' Pragapati answered and said: 4. 'He who in the Sruti is called "Standing above," like passionless ascetics [*6] amidst the objects of the world, he, indeed, the pure, clean, undeveloped, tranquil, breathless, bodiless [*7], endless, imperishable, firm, everlasting, unborn, independent one, stands in his own greatness, and by him has this body been made intelligent, and he is also the driver of it.' [p. 292] They said: 'O Saint, How has this been made intelligent by such a being as this which has no desires [*1], and how is he its driver?' He answered them and said: 5. 'That Self which is very small, invisible, incomprehensible, called Purusha, dwells of his own will here in part [*2]; just as a man who is fast asleep awakes of his own will [*3]. And this part (of the Self) which is entirely intelligent, reflected in man (as the sun in different vessels of water), knowing the body (kshetragna), attested by his conceiving, willing, and believing [*4], is Pragapati (lord of creatures), called Visva. By him, the intelligent, is this body made intelligent, and he is the driver thereof.' They said to him: 'O Saint [*5], if this has been made intelligent by such a being as this, which has no desires, and if he is the driver thereof, how was it?' He answered them and said: 6. 'In the beginning Pragapati (the lord of creatures) stood alone. He had no happiness, when alone. Meditating [*6] on himself, he created many [p. 293] creatures. He looked on them and saw they were, like a stone, without understanding, and standing like a lifeless post. He had no happiness. He thought, I shall enter [*1] within, that they may awake. Making himself like air (vayu) [*2] he entered within. Being one, he could not do it. Then dividing himself fivefold, he is called Prana, Apana, Samana, Udana, Vyana. Now that [*3] air which rises upwards, is Prana. That which moves downwards, is Apana. That by which these two are supposed to be held, is Vyana. That [*4] which carries the grosser material of food to the Apana, and brings the subtler material to each limb, has the name Samana. [After these (Prana, Apana, Samana) comes the work of the Vyana, and between them (the Prana, Apana, and Samana on one side and the Vyana on the other) comes the rising of the Udana.] That which brings up or carries down [*5] what has been drunk and eaten, is the Udana [*6]. Now the Upamsu-vessel (or prana) depends on the Antaryama-vessel (apana) and the Antaryama-vessel [p. 294] [paragraph continues] (apana) on the Upamsu-vessel [*1] (prana), and between these two the self-resplendent (Self) produced heat [*2]. This heat is the purusha (person), and this purusha is Agni Vaisvanara. And thus it is said elsewhere [*3]: "Agni Vaisvanara is the fire within man by which the food that is eaten is cooked, i.e. digested. Its noise is that which one hears, if one covers one's ears. When a man is on the point of departing this life, he does not hear that noise." Now he [*4], having divided himself fivefold, is hidden in a secret place (buddhi), assuming the nature of mind, having the pranas as his body, resplendent, having true concepts, and free like ether [*5]. Feeling even thus that he has not attained his object, he thinks from within the interior of the heart [*6], "Let me enjoy objects." Therefore, having first broken open these five apertures (of the senses), he enjoys the objects by means of the five reins. This means that these perceptive organs (ear, skin, eye, tongue, nose) are his reins; the active organs (tongue (for speaking), hands, feet, anus, generative organ) his horses; the body his chariot, the mind the charioteer, the whip being the temperament. Driven by that whip, this body goes round like the [p. 295] wheel driven by the potter. This body is made intelligent, and he is the driver thereof. This [*1] is indeed the Self, who seeming to be filled with desires, and seeming to be overcome [*2] by bright or dark fruits of action, wanders about in every body (himself remaining free). Because he is not manifest, because he is infinitely small, because he is invisible, because he cannot be grasped, because he is attached to nothing, therefore he, seeming to be changing, an agent in that which is not (prakriti), is in reality not an agent and unchanging. He is pure, firm, stable, undefiled [*3], unmoved, free from desire, remaining a spectator, resting in himself Having concealed himself in the cloak of the three qualities he appears as the enjoyer of rita, as the enjoyer of rita (of his good works).' Footnotes ^290:1 Prishadasva in the Veda is another name of the Maruts, the storm gods. Afterwards the king is called Marut, VI, 30. ^290:2 This sentence is called a Sutra by the commentator to VI, 32. ^290:3 M. reads Kathaya me katamo bhavan iti. ^290:4 M. leaves out atha. ^290:5 One might read avishtambhanena, in the sense of while preventing the departure of the vital breath, as in the Brih. Ar. VI, 3, pranena rakshann avaram kulayam. ^290:6 M. reads vyathamano 'vyathamanas. ^290:7 M. leaves out Maitrih-ity evam hyaha. The commentator explains Maitrir by mitraya apatyam rishir maitrir maitreya. In a later passage (II, 3) M. reads Bhagavata Maitrena, likewise the Anubhutiprakasa. ^291:1 M. adds svayam gyotir upasampadya. ^291:2 M. reads esha for ity esha, which seems better. ^291:3 M. reads Maitrena vyakhyata. ^291:4 M. M., Translation of Rig-veda, Preface, p. xxxiv. ^291:5 M. adds: bruhiti te hokur Bhagavan katham anena vasyam yat Bhagavan vetsy etad asmakam bruhiti tan hovaketi. ^291:6 The commentator allows utrdhvaretasasah to be taken as a vocative also. ^291:7 Niratma is explained by the commentator as thoughtless, without volition, &c. But atma is frequently used for body also, and this seems more appropriate here. M., however, reads anisatma, and this is the reading explained in the Anubhutiprakasa, p. 228, ver. 60. This might mean the Atman which has not yet assumed the quality of a personal god. See VI, 28; VI, 31. ^292:1 The reading anishthena is explained by the commentator as free from any local habitation or attachment. He also mentions the various readings anishtena, free from wishes, and anishthena, the smallest. M. reads anikkhena, and this seems better than anishtena. The Anubhutiprakasa reads likewise anikkhasya. ^292:2 I read buddhipurvam, and again with M. suptasyeva buddhipurvam. I also read amsena without iti, as in M. The simile seems to be that a man, if he likes, can wake himself at any time of night, and this 'if he likes' is expressed by buddhipurvam. See Anubhutiprakasa, vv. 67, 68. ^292:3 M. reads vibodhayati, atha. ^292:4 See Maitr. Up. V, 2; Cowell's Translation, pp. 246, 256; Vedantaparibhasha, ed. A. Venis, in the Pandit, IV, p. 100. ^292:5 M. adds: bhagavann idrisasya katham amsena vartanam iti tan hovaka. ^292:6 AT. reads abhidhyayan. ^293:1 It is better to read with M. visaniti. ^293:2 M. vayum iva. ^293:3 M. Atha yo 'yam. ^293:4 M. reads: yo 'yam sthavishtham annam dhatum annasyapane sthapayaty anishtham kange 'nge samnayati esha vava sa samano 'tha yo 'yam. Leaving, out annam, this seems the right reading. The whole sentence from uttaram to udanasya is left out in M. ^293:5 M. nigirati kaisho vava sa udano 'tha yenaitas sira anuvyapta esha vava sa vyanah. ^293:6 The views of these five kinds of wind differ considerably. Here the commentator explains that the prana and apana, the up-breathing and down-breathing, keep the bodily warmth alive, as bellows keep up a fire. The food cooked in it is distributed by the Samana, so that the coarse material becomes ordure, the middle flesh, the subtle material mind (manas). The udana brings up phlegm, &c., while the Vyana gives strength to the whole body. ^294:1 Two sacrificial vessels (graha) placed on either side of the stone on which the Soma is squeezed, and here compared to the Prana and Apana, between which the Self (kaitanyatma) assumes heat. ^294:2 M. reads tayor antarale kaushnyam prasuvat. ^294:3 See Brihadaranyaka Up. V, 9; Khand. Up. III, 13, 8. ^294:4 The Vaisvanara or purusha, according to the commentator, but originally the Pragapati, who had made himself like air, and divided himself into five vital airs. ^294:5 Thus the atma, with his own qualities and those which he assumes, becomes a living being. ^294:6 M. reads esho 'sya hridantare tishthann. ^295:1 M. reads: Sa va esha atmeti hosann iva sitasitaih. This seems better than usanti kavayah, which hardly construes. ^295:2 M. reads abhibhuyamanay iva, which again is better than anabhibhuta iva, for he seems to be overcome, but is not, just as he seems to be an agent, but is not. See also III, 1. ^295:3 M. has alepo. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com THIRD PRAPATHAKA. 1. The Valakhilyas said to Pragapati Kratu: 'O Saint, if thou thus showest the greatness of that Self, then who is that other different one, also called Self [*4], who really overcome by bright and dark fruits of action, enters on a good or bad birth? [p. 296] [paragraph continues] Downward or upward is his course [*1], and overcome by the pairs (distinction between hot and cold, pleasure and pain, &c.) he roams about [*2].' 2. Pragapati Kratu replied: 'There is indeed that other [*3] different one, called the elemental Self (Bhutatma), who, overcome by bright and dark fruits of action, enters on a good or bad birth: downward or upward is his course, and overcome by the pairs he roams about. And this is his explanation: The five Tanmatras [*4] (sound, touch, form, taste, smell) are called Bhuta; also the five Mahabhutas (gross elements) are called Bhuta. Then the aggregate [*5] of all these is called sarira, body [*6]. And lastly he of whom it was said that he dwelt in the body [*7], he is called Bhutatma, the elemental Self. Thus his immortal Self [*8] is like a drop of water on a lotus leaf [*9], and he himself is overcome by the qualities of nature. Then [*10], because he is thus overcome, he becomes bewildered, and because he is bewildered, he saw not the creator, the holy Lord, abiding within himself. Carried along by the waves of the qualities [*11], darkened in his imaginations, unstable, fickle, [p. 297] crippled, full of desires, vacillating, he enters into belief, believing "I am he," "this is mine [*1];" he binds his Self by his Self, as a bird with a net, and overcome afterwards by the fruits of what he has done, he enters on a good and bad birth; downward or upward is his course, and overcome by the pairs he roams about.' They asked: 'Which is it?' And he answered them: 3. 'This also has elsewhere been said: He who acts, is the elemental Self; he who causes to act by means of the organs [*2], is the inner man (antahpurusha). Now as even a ball of iron, pervaded (overcome) by fire, and hammered by smiths, becomes manifold (assumes different forms, such as crooked, round, large, small [*3]), thus the elemental Self, pervaded (overcome) by the inner man, and hammered by the qualities, becomes manifold [*4]. And the four tribes (mammals, birds, &c.), the fourteen worlds (Bhur, &c.), with all the number of beings, multiplied eighty-four times [*5], all this appears as manifoldness. And those multiplied things are impelled by man (purusha) as the wheel by the potter [*6]. And as when the ball of iron is hammered, the fire is not overcome, so the (inner) man is not overcome, but the elemental Self is overcome, because it has united itself (with the elements). [p. 298] 4. And it has been said elsewhere [*1]: This body produced from marriage, and endowed with growth [*2] in darkness, came forth by the urinary passage, was built up with bones, bedaubed with flesh, thatched with skin, filled with ordure, urine, bile, slime, marrow, fat, oil [*3], and many impurities besides, like a treasury full of treasures [*4]. 5. And it has been said elsewhere: Bewilderment, fear, grief, sleep, sloth, carelessness, decay, sorrow, hunger, thirst, niggardliness, wrath, infidelity, ignorance, envy, cruelty [*5], folly, shamelessness, meanness [*6], pride, changeability [*7], these are the results of the quality of darkness (tamah) [*8]. [p. 299] Inward thirst, fondness, passion, covetousness, unkindness, love, hatred, deceit , jealousy, vain restlessness, fickleness , unstableness, emulation, greed, patronising of friends, family pride, aversion to disagreeable objects, devotion to agreeable objects, whispering , prodigality, these are the results of the quality of passion (ragas). By these he is filled, by these he is overcome, and therefore this elemental Self assumes manifold forms, yes, manifold forms.' Footnotes ^295:4 The pure Self, called atma, brahma, kinmatram, pragnanaghanam, &c., after entering what he had himself created, and no longer distinguishing himself from the created things (bhuta), is called Bhutatma. ^296:1 M. reads here and afterwards avakam urdhvam va gatidvandvaih. ^296:2 M. adds at the end, paribhramatiti katama esha iti, tan hovaketi, and leaves it out at the end of section 2. ^296:3 M. here reads avara. ^296:4 M. reads tanmatrani. ^296:5 M. reads tesham samudayas takkhariram. ^296:6 The commentator distinguishes between linga-sarira, consisting of pranas, indriyas, the antahkarana, and the sukshmabhutas; and the sthula-sarira, consisting of the five Mahabhutas. ^296:7 M. reads sariram ity uktam. ^296:8 M. reads athasti tasyah bindur iva. ^296:9 It sticks to it, yet it can easily run off again. ^296:10 M. reads Ato, and the commentator explains atho by atah karanat, adding sandhih khandasah. ^296:11 See VI, 30. ^297:1 M. reads aham so mamedam. ^297:2 M. antahkaranaih. ^297:3 See commentary, p. 48, l. 7. ^297:4 AI. reads upety atha trigunam katurgalam. ^297:5 M. reads katurasitilakshayoniparinatam. See also Anubhutiprakasa, ver. 118. ^297:6 Mrityava seems an impossible word, though the commentator twice explains it as kulala, potter. M. reads kakrineti, which seems preferable. Weber conjectures mritpaka. ^298:1 Part of this passage has been before the mind of the author of the Manava-dharmasastra, when writing, VI, 76, 77: asthisthunam snayuyutam mamsasonitalepanam, karmavanaddham durgandhi purnam mutrapurishayoh, garasokasamavishtam rogayatanam aturam ragasvalam anityam ka bhatavasam imam tyaget. The same verses occur in the Mahabharata XII, 12463-4, only with tyaga at the end, instead of tyaget. The rendering of asthibhis kitam by asthisthunam shows that kita was understood to mean piled or built up, i.e. supported by bones. ^298:2 Instead of samvriddhyupetam M. reads samviddhyapetam. ^298:3 M. adds snayu after vasa, and instead of amayaih reads malaih. This reading, malaih, would seem preferable, though Manu's rogayatanam might be quoted in support of amayaih. The exact meaning of vasa is given in the Aryavidyasudhakara, p. 82, l. 9. ^298:4 Therefore should wise people not identify their true Self with the body. M. reads vasuneti. ^298:5 M. reads vaikarunyam. ^298:6 Instead of nirakritityam M. reads nikritatvam, which is decidedly preferable. We may take it to mean either meanness, as opposed to uddhatatvam, overbearing, or knavery, the usual meaning of nikriti. ^298:7 M. reads asatvam, possibly for asattvam. ^298:8 M. reads tamasanvitaih, and afterwards ragasanvitaih; also trishna instead of antastrishna. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com FOURTH PRAPATHAKA. 1. The Valakhilyas, whose passions were subdued, approached him full of amazement and said: 'O Saint, we bow before thee; teach thou, for thou art the way, and there is no other for us. What process is there for the elemental Self, by which, after leaving this (identity with the elemental body), he obtains union [*4] with the (true) Self?' Pragapati Kratu said to them: 2. 'It has been said elsewhere: Like the waves in large rivers, that which has been done before, cannot be turned back, and, like the tide of the sea, the approach of death is hard to stem. Bound [*5] by the fetters of the fruits of good and evil, like a cripple; without freedom, like a man in prison; beset by many fears, like one standing before Yama (the judge of [p. 300] the dead); intoxicated by the wine of illusion, like one intoxicated by wine; rushing about, like one possessed by an evil spirit; bitten by the world, like one bitten by a great serpent; darkened by passion, like the night; illusory, like magic; false, like a dream; pithless, like the inside of the Kadali; changing its dress in a moment, like an actor [*1]; fair in appearance, like a painted wall, thus they call him; and therefore it is said: Sound [*2], touch, and other things are like nothings; if the elemental Self is attached to them, it will not remember the Highest Place [*3]. 3. This is indeed the remedy for the elemental Self: Acquirement of the knowledge of the Veda, performance of one's own duty, therefore conformity on the part of each man to the order to which he happens to belong. This [*4] is indeed the rule for one's own duty, other performances are like the mere branches of a stem [*5]. Through it one obtains the Highest above, otherwise one falls downward [*6]. Thus is one's own duty declared, which is to be found in the Vedas. No one belongs truly to an order (asrama) who transgresses his own law [*7]. And if people say, that a man does not belong to any of the orders, and that he is an ascetic [*8], this is wrong, though, on [p. 301] the other hand, no one who is not an ascetic brings his sacrificial works to perfection or obtains knowledge of the Highest Self [*1]. For thus it is said: By ascetic penance goodness is obtained, from goodness understanding is reached, from understanding the Self is obtained, and he who has obtained that, does not return [*2]. 4. "Brahman is," thus said one who knew the science of Brahman; and this penance is the door to Brahman, thus said one who by penance had cast off all sin. The syllable Om is the manifest greatness of Brahman, thus said one who well grounded (in Brahman) always meditates on it. Therefore by knowledge, by penance, and by meditation is Brahman gained. Thus one goes beyond [*3] Brahman (Hiranyagarbha), and to a divinity higher than the gods; nay, he who knows this, and worships Brahman by these three (by knowledge, penance, and meditation), obtains bliss imperishable, infinite, and unchangeable. Then freed from those things (the senses of the body, &c.) by which he was filled and overcome, a mere charioteer [*4], he obtains union with the Self.' [p. 302] 5. The Valakhilyas said: 'O Saint, thou art the teacher, thou art the teacher [*1]. What thou hast said, has been properly laid up in our mind. Now answer us a further question: Agni, Vayu, Aditya, Time (kala) which is Breath (prana [*2]), Food (anna), Brahma [*3], Rudra, Vishnu, thus do some meditate on one, some on another. Say which of these is the best for us.' He said to them: 6. 'These are but the chief manifestations of the highest, the immortal, the incorporeal Brahman. He who is devoted to one, rejoices here in his world (presence), thus he said. Brahman indeed is all this, and a man may meditate on, worship, or discard also those which [*4] are its chief manifestations. With these (deities) he proceeds to higher and higher worlds, and when all things perish, he becomes one with the Purusha, yes, with the Purusha.' Footnotes ^299:1 M. reads vyavartatvam. ^299:2 It should be kankalatvam. ^299:3 M. reads mattasvaro. ^299:4 Instead of the irregular sayogyam, M. always reads sayugyam. ^299:5 It is not quite clear what is the subject to which all these adjectives refer. M. reads baddho for baddham, but afterwards agrees with the text as published by Cowell. ^300:1 M. reads natavat. ^300:2 M. reads ye 'rtha anartha iva te sthitah, esham. ^300:3 M. reads na smaret paramam padam. ^300:4 M. reads svadharma eva sarvam dhatte, stambhasakhevetarani. ^300:5 The commentator considers the other sacrificial performances as hurtful, and to be avoided. ^300:6 M. reads anyathadhah pataty, esha. ^300:7 The rules of the order to which he belongs. ^300:8 A Tapasvin is free from the restrictions of the preceding asramas, [p. 301] but he must have obeyed them first, before he can become a real Tapasvin. ^301:1 M. reads asrameshv evavasthitas tapasvi kety ukyata ity, etad apy uktam, &c. This would mean, 'For it is said that he only who has dwelt in the asramas is also called a Tapasvin, a real ascetic; and this also has been said, that no one obtains self-knowledge except an ascetic.' This is not impossible, but the commentator follows the text as printed by Cowell. AI. reads atmagnanenadhigamah, karmasuddhi. ^301:2 M. reads manasa prapyate tv atma hy atmaptya na nivartata iti. ^301:3 M. reads pura eta, which may be right. ^301:4 Rathitah is a very strange word, but, like everything else, it is [p. 302] explained by the commentator, viz. as ratham prapito rathitvam ka prapita iti yavat. Nevertheless the reading of M. seems to me preferable, viz. atha yaih paripurno 'bhibhuto 'yam tathaitais ka, taih sarvair vimukta svatmany eva sayugyam upaiti. I should prefer vimuktas tv atmany eva, and translate, 'But then, freed from all those things by which he was filled and likewise was overcome by them, he obtains union with the Self.' ^302:1 M. reads the second time abhivady asmiti, which is no improvement. It might have been ativadyasiti. ^302:2 M. reads Yamah prano. ^302:3 This is, of course, the personal Brahma of the Hindu triad. To distinguish this personal Brahma from the impersonal, I sometimes give his name in the nom. masc., Brahma, and not the grammatical base, Brahman. ^302:4 M. reads ya va asya. The commentator explains ya vasyah by vasayogyah; or ya va yah by kaskit, admitting a Vedic irregularity which is not quite clear. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 303] FIFTH PRAPATHAKA [*1]. 1. Next follows Kutsayana's hymn of praise: 'Thou art Brahma, and thou art Vishnu, thou art Rudra, thou Pragapati [*2], thou art Agni, Varuna, Vayu, thou art Indra, thou the Moon. Thou art Anna [*3] (the food or the eater), thou art Yama, thou art the Earth, thou art All, thou art the Imperishable. In thee all things exist in many forms, whether for their natural or for their own (higher) ends. Lord of the Universe, glory to thee! Thou art the Self of All, thou art the maker of All, the enjoyer of All; thou art all life, and the lord of all pleasure and joy [*4]. Glory to thee, the tranquil, the deeply hidden, the incomprehensible, the immeasurable, without beginning and without end.' __________________ 2. 'In the beginning [*5] darkness (tamas) alone was this. It was in the Highest, and, moved by the Highest, it becomes uneven. Thus it becomes obscurity [p. 304] (ragas) [*1]. Then this obscurity, being moved, becomes uneven. Thus it becomes goodness (sattva). Then this goodness, being moved, the essence flowed forth [*2]. This is that part (or state of Self) which is entirely intelligent, reflected in man (as the sun is in different vessels of water) knowing the body (kshetragna), attested by his conceiving, willing, and believing, it is Pragapati, called Visva. His manifestations have been declared before [*3]. Now that part of him which belongs to darkness, that, O students [*4], is he who is called Rudra. That part of him which belongs to obscurity, that, O students, is he who is called Brahma. That part of him which belongs to goodness, that, O students, is he who is called Vishnu. He being one, becomes three, becomes eight [*5], becomes eleven [*6], becomes twelve, becomes infinite. Because [*7] he thus came to be, he is the Being (neut.), he moves about, having entered all beings, he has become the Lord of all beings. He is the Self within and without, yes, within and without.' Footnotes ^303:1 At the beginning of the fifth Prapathaka my MS. gives the Slokas which in the printed edition are found in VI, 34, p. 178, Atreme sloka bhavanti, yatha nirindhano vahnir, &c., to nirvishayam smritam. Then follows as section 2, Atha yathedam Kautsyayanistutis, tvam, &c. ^303:2 The commentator explains Brahma by Hiranyagarbha and Pragapati by Virag. ^303:3 M. reads tvam Manus, tvam Yamas ka tvam, prithivi tvam athakyutah, which is so clearly the right reading that it is difficult to understand how the mistakes arose which are presupposed by the commentary. See Taitt. Up. II, 2. ^303:4 M. reads visvakridaratih prabhuh, which seems better. ^303:5 M. reads tamo va idam ekam asta tat paro syat tat pareneritam. It may have been tat pare 'sthat. ^304:1 M. reads etad vai ragaso rupam, which is better, or, at least, more in accordance with what follows. ^304:2 M. reads sattvam everitarasas sam prasrivat. ^304:3 A reference to Maitr. Up. II, 5, would have saved the commentator much trouble. M. has a better text. It leaves out visveti or visvakhyas after pragapati, which may be wrong, but then goes on: tasya prokta agryas tanavo brahma rudro vishnur iti. In enumerating the three agryas tanavah, however, M. is less consistent, for it begins with ragas or Brahma, then goes on to tamas or Rudra, and ends with sattva or Vishnu. The Anubhutiprakasa, verse 142, has the right succession. ^304:4 This vocative, brahmakarino, is always left out in M. ^304:5 The five pranas, the sun, moon, and asterisms. ^304:6 The eleven organs of sense and action, which, by dividing manas and buddhi, become twelve. ^304:7 M. reads aparimitadha kodbhutatvad bhuteshu karati pravishtah sarvabhutanam. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com [p. 305] SIXTH PRAPATHAKA [*1]. 1. He (the Self) bears the Self in two ways [*2], as he who is Prana (breath), and as he who is Aditya (the sun). Therefore there are two paths for him [*3], within and without, and they both turn back in a day and night. The Sun is the outer Self, the inner Self is Breath. Hence the motion of the inner Self is inferred from the motion of the outer Self [*4] For thus it is said: 'He who knows, and has thrown off all evil, the overseer of the senses [*5], the pure-minded, firmly [p. 306] grounded (in the Self) and looking away (from all earthly objects), he is the same.' Likewise the motion of the outer Self is inferred from the motion of the inner Self. For thus it is said: 'He who within the sun is the golden person, who looks upon this earth from his golden place, he is the same who, after entering the inner lotus of the heart [*1], devours food (perceives sensuous objects, &c.)' 2. And he who having entered the inner lotus of the heart, devours food, the same, having gone te, the sky as the fire of the sun, called Time, and being invisible, devours all beings as his food. What is that lotus and of what is it made? (the Valakhilyas ask [*2].) That lotus is the same as the ether; the four quarters, and the four intermediate points are its leaves [*3]. These two, Breath and the Sun, move on near to each other (in the heart and in the ether). Let him worship these two, with the syllable Om, with the Vyahriti words (bhuh, bhuvah, svar), and with the Savitri hymn. 3. There are two forms of Brahman [*4], the material (effect) and the immaterial (cause). The material is false, the immaterial is true. That which is true is Brahman, that which is Brahman is light, and that which is light is the Sun [*5]. And this Sun became the Self of that Om. [p. 307] He divided himself threefold, for Om consists of three letters, a + u + m. Through them all this [*1] is contained in him as warp and woof. For thus it is said: 'Meditate on that Sun as Om, join your Self (the breath) with the (Self of the) Sun.' 4. And thus it has been said elsewhere: The Udgitha (of the Sama-veda) is the Pranava [*2] (of the Rig-veda), and the Pranava is the Udgitha, and thus the Sun is Udgitha, and he is Pranava or Om. For thus it is said [*3]: 'The Udgitha, called Pranava, the leader (in the performance of sacrifices), the bright [*4], the sleepless, free from old age and death, three-footed [*5], consisting of three letters (a + u + m), and likewise to be known as fivefold (five pranas) placed in the cave.' And it is also said: 'The three-footed Brahman has its root upward [*6], the branches are ether, wind, fire, water, earth, &c. This one Asvattha [*7] by name, the world, is Brahman, and of it that is the light which is called the Sun, and it is also the light of that syllable Om. Therefore let him for ever worship that (breath and sun, as manifestations of Brahman) with the syllable Om.' He alone enlightens us. For thus it is said: [p. 308] 'This alone is the pure syllable, this alone is the highest syllable; he who knows that syllable only, whatever he desires, is his [*1].' 5. And thus it has been said elsewhere: This Om [*2] is the sound-endowed body of him (Pranadityatman). This is his gender-endowed body, viz. feminine, masculine, neuter. This is his light-endowed body, viz. Agni, Vayu, Aditya. This is his lord-endowed body, viz. Brahma, Rudra, Vishnu. This is his mouth-endowed body, viz. Garhapatya, Dakshinagni, Ahavaniya [*3]. This is his knowledge-endowed body, viz. Rik, Yagus, Saman. This is his world-endowed body, viz. Bhuh, Bhuvah, Svar. This is his time-endowed body, viz. Past, Present, Future. This is his heat-endowed body, viz. Breath, Fire, Sun. This is his growth-endowed body, viz. Food, Water, Moon. This is his thought-endowed body, viz. intellect, mind, personality. This is his breath-endowed body, viz. Prana, Apana, Vyana. Therefore by the aforesaid syllable Om are all these here enumerated bodies praised and identified (with the Pranadityatman). For thus it is said [*4]: 'O Satyakama, the syllable Om is the high and the low Brahman.' 6. This [*5] (world) was unuttered [*6]. Then forsooth Pragapati, having brooded, uttered it in the words Bhuh, Bhuvah, Svar. This is the grossest body of that Pragapati, consisting of the three worlds [*7]. Of that body Svar is the head, Bhuvah the navel, Bhuh [p. 309] the feet, the sun the eye. For in the eye is fixed man's great measure, because with the eye he makes all measurements. The eye is truth (satyam), for the person (purusha) dwelling in the eye proceeds to all things (knows all objects with certainty). Therefore let a man worship with the Vyahritis, Bhuh, Bhuvah, Svar, for thus Pragapati, the Self of All, is worshipped as the (sun, the) Eye of All [*1]. For thus it is said: 'This (the sun) is Pragapati's all-supporting body, for in it this all [*2] is hid (by the light of the sun); and in this all it (the light) is hid. Therefore this is worshipped [*3].' 7. (The Savitri begins [*4]:) Tat Savitur varenyam, i.e. 'this of Savitri, to be chosen.' Here the Aditya (sun) is Savitri, and the same is to be chosen by the love(r) of Self, thus say the Brahma-teachers. (Then follows the next foot in the Savitri): Bhargo devasya dhimahi, i.e. 'the splendour of the god we meditate on.' Here the god is Savitri, and therefore he who is called his splendour, him I meditate on, thus say the Brahma-teachers. [p. 310] (Then follows the last foot): Dhiyo yo nah prakodayat, i.e. 'who should stir up our thoughts.' Here the dhiyah are thoughts, and he should stir these up for us, thus say the Brahma-teachers. (He now explains the word bhargas). Now he who is called bhargas is he who is placed in yonder Aditya (sun), or he who is the pupil in the eye [*1]. And he is so called, because his going (gati) is by rays (bhabhih); or because he parches (bhargayati) and makes the world to shrivel up. Rudra is called Bhargas, thus say the Brahma-teachers. Or bha means that he lights up these worlds; ra, that he delights these beings, ga that these creatures go to him and come from him; therefore being a bha-ra-ga, he is called Bhargas. Surya [*2] (sun) is so called, because Soma is continually squeezed out (su). Savitri (sun) is so called, because he brings forth (su). Aditya (sun) is so called, because he takes up (ada, scil. vapour, or the life of man). Pavana [*3] is so called, because he purifies (pu). Apas, water, is so called, because it nourishes (pya). And it is said: 'Surely the Self (absorbed in Prana, breath), which is called Immortal [*4], is the thinker, the perceiver, the goer, the evacuator [*5], the delighter, the doer, the speaker, the taster, the smeller, the seer, the hearer, and he touches. He is Vibhu (the pervader), who has entered into the body.' And it is said: [p. 311] 'When the knowledge is twofold (subjective and objective), then he hears, sees, smells, tastes, and touches (something), for it is the Self that knows everything.' But when the knowledge is not twofold (subjective only), without effect, cause, and action [*1], without a name, without a comparison, without a predicate [*2]--what is that? It cannot be told [*3]. 8. And the same Self is also called Isana (lord), Sambhu, Bhava, Rudra (tamasa); Pragapati (lord of creatures), Visvasrig (creator of all), Hiranyagarbha, Satyam (truth), Prana, (breath), Hamsa (ragasa); Sastri (ruler), Vishnu, Narayana (sattvika); Arka, Savitri, Dhatri (supporter), Vidhatri [*4] (creator), Samrag (king), Indra, Indu (moon). He is also he who warms, the Sun, hidden by the thousand-eyed golden egg, as one fire by another. He is to be thought after, he is to be sought after. Having said farewell to all living beings, having gone to the forest, and having renounced all sensuous objects, let man perceive the Self [*5] from his own body. '(See him) [*6] who assumes all forms, the golden, who knows all things, who ascends highest, alone in his splendour, and warms us; the thousand-rayed, [p. 312] who abides in a hundred places, the spirit of all creatures, the Sun, rises [*1].' 9. Therefore he who by knowing this has become the Self of both Breath and Sun, meditates (while meditating on them) on his Self, sacrifices (while sacrificing to them) to his Self-this meditation, the mind thus absorbed in these acts, is praised by the wise. Then let him purify the contamination of the mind by the verse Ukkhishtopahatam, &c. [*2]: 'Be it food left, or food defiled by left food, be it food given by a sinner, food coming from a dead person, or from one impure from childbirth, may the purifying power of Vasu, may Agni, and the rays of Savitri, purify it, and all my sin [*3].' First (before eating) he surrounds (the offered food) with water (in rincing his mouth [*4]) . Then saying, Svaha to Prana, Svaha to Apana, Svaha to Vyana, Svaha to Samana, Svaha to Udana, he offers (the food) with five invocations (in the fire of the mouth). What is over, he eats in silence, and then he surrounds (the food) once more afterwards with water (rincing the mouth after his meal). Having washed let him, after sacrificing to himself, meditate on his Self with these two verses, Prano 'gnih and Visvo 'si, viz. 'May the Highest Self as breath, as fire (digestive heat), as consisting of the [p. 313] five vital airs, having entered (the body), himself satisfied, satisfy all, he who protects all.' 'Thou art Visva (all), thou art Vaisvanara (fire), all that is born is upheld by thee; may all offerings enter into thee; creatures live where thou grantest immortality to all.' He who eats according to this rule, does not in turn become food for others. 10. There is something else to be known. There is a further modification of this Self-sacrifice (the eating), namely, the food and the eater thereof. This is the explanation. The thinking Purusha (person), when he abides within the Pradhana (nature), is the feeder who feeds on the food supplied by Prakriti (nature). The elemental Self [*1] is truly his food, his maker being Pradhana (nature [*2]). Therefore what is composed of the three qualities (gunas) is the food, but the person within is the feeder. And for this the evidence is supplied by the senses. For animals spring from seed, and as the seed is the food, therefore it is clear that what is food is Pradhana (the seed or cause of everything). Therefore, as has been said, the Purusha (person) is the eater, Prakriti, the food; and abiding within it he feeds. All that begins with the Mahat [*3] (power of intellect) and ends with the Viseshas (elements [*4]), being developed from the distinction of nature with its three qualities, is the sign (that there must be a Purusha, an intelligent [p. 314] subject). And in this manner the way with its fourteen steps has been explained [*1]. (This is comprehended in the following verse): 'This world is indeed the food, called pleasure, pain, and error (the result of the three qualities); there is no laying hold of the taste of the seed (cause), so long as there is no development (in the shape of effect).' And in its three stages also it has the character of food, as childhood, youth, and old age; for, because these are developed, therefore there is in them the character of food [*2]. And in the following manner does the perception of Pradhana (nature) take place, after it has become manifest:--Intellect and the rest, such as determination, conception, consciousness, are for the tasting (of the effects of Pradhana). Then there are the five (perceptive organs) intended for the (five) objects of senses, for to taste them. And thus are all acts of the five active organs, and the acts of the five Pranas or vital airs (for the tasting of their corresponding objects). Thus what is manifest (of nature) is food, and what is not manifest is food. The enjoyer of it is without qualities, but because he has the quality of being an enjoyer, it follows that he possesses intelligence. As Agni (fire) is the food-eater among the gods, and Soma the food, so he who knows this eats food by Agni (is not defiled by food, as little as Agni, the sacrificial fire). This elemental Self, called Soma (food), is also called Agni, as having undeveloped nature for its mouth (as enjoying through nature, and being independent of it), because it is said, 'The [p. 315] [paragraph continues] Purusha (person) enjoys nature with its three qualities, by the mouth of undeveloped nature.' He who knows this, is an ascetic, a yogin, he is a performer of the Self-sacrifice (see before). And he who does not touch the objects of the senses when they intrude on him, as no one would touch women intruding into an empty house, he is an ascetic, a yogin, a performer of the Self-sacrifice. 11. This is the highest form of Self, viz. food, for this Prana (this body) subsists on food. If it eats not, it cannot perceive, hear, touch, see, smell, taste, and it loses the vital airs [*1]. For thus it is said: 'If it eats, then in full possession of the vital airs, it can perceive, hear, touch, speak, taste, smell, see.' And thus it is said: 'From food are born all creatures that live on earth; afterwards they live on food, and in the end (when they die) they return to it [*2].' 12. And thus it is said elsewhere: Surely all these creatures run about day and night, wishing to catch food. The sun takes food with his rays, and by it he shines. These vital airs digest, when sprinkled with food. Fire flares up by food, and by Brahma (Pragapati), desirous of food, has all this been made. Therefore let a man worship food as his Self. For thus it is said: 'From food creatures are born, by food they grow when born; because it is eaten and because it cats creatures, therefore it is called food (annam).' 13. And thus it is said elsewhere: This food is the body of the blessed Vishnu, called Visvabhrit (all-sustaining). Breath is the essence of food, mind of breath, knowledge of mind, joy of knowledge. He [p. 316] who knows this is possessed of food, breath, mind, knowledge, and joy. Whatever creatures here on earth eat food, abiding in them he, who knows this, eats food. Food has been called undecaying, food has been called worshipful; food is the breath of animals, food is the oldest, food has been called the physician. 14. And thus it has been said elsewhere: Food is the cause of all this, time of food, and the sun is the cause of time [*1]. The (visible) form of time is the year, consisting of twelve months, made up of Nimeshas (twinklings) and other measures. Of the year one half (when the sun moves northward) belongs to Agni, the other to Varuna (when the sun moves southward). That which belongs to Agni begins with the asterism of Magha, and ends with half of the asterism of Sravishtha, the sun stepping down northward. That which belongs to Soma (instead of Varuna) begins with the asterism (of Aslesha), sacred to the Serpents, and ends with half of the asterism of Sravishtha, the sun stepping up southward. And then there (are the months) one by one, belonging to the year, each consisting of nine-fourths of asterisms (two asterisms and a quarter being the twelfth part of the passage of the sun through the twenty-seven Nakshatras), each determined by the sun moving together with the asterisms. Because time is imperceptible by sense, therefore this (the progress of the sun, &c.) is its evidence, and by it alone is time proved to exist. Without proof there is no apprehension of what is to be proved; but even what is to be proved can become proof, for the sake of making itself known, [p. 317] if the parts (the twinklings, &c.) can be distinguished from the whole (time [*1]). For thus it is said: 'As many portions of time as there are, through them the sun proceeds: he who worships time as Brahman, from him time moves away very far.' And thus it is said: 'From time all beings flow, from time they grow; in time they obtain rest; time is visible (sun) and invisible (moments).' 15. There are two forms of Brahman, time and non-time. That which was before the (existence of the) sun is non-time and has no parts. That which had its beginning from the sun is time and has parts. Of that which has parts, the year is the form, and from the year are born all creatures; when produced by the year they grow, and go again to rest in the year. Therefore the year is Pragapati, is time, is food, is the nest of Brahman, is Self. Thus it is said: 'Time ripens and dissolves all beings in the great Self, but he who knows into what time itself is dissolved, he is the knower of the Veda.' 16. This manifest time is the great ocean of creatures. He who is called Savitri (the sun, as begetter) dwells in it, from whence the moon, stars, planets, the year, and the rest are begotten. From them again comes all this, and thus, whatever of good or evil is seen in this world, comes from them. Therefore Brahman is the Self of the sun, and a man should worship the sun under the name of time. Some say the sun is Brahman, and thus it is said: [p. 318] 'The sacrificer, the deity that enjoys the sacrifice, the oblation, the hymn, the sacrifice, Vishnu, Pragapati, all this is the Lord, the witness, that shines in yonder orb.' 17. In the beginning Brahman was all this [*1]. He was one, and infinite; infinite in the East, infinite in the South, infinite in the West, infinite in the North, above and below and everywhere infinite. East and the other regions do not exist for him, nor across, nor below, nor above. The Highest Self is not to be fixed, he is unlimited, unborn, not to be reasoned about, not to be conceived. He is like the ether (everywhere), and at the destruction of the universe, he alone is awake. Thus from that ether he wakes all this world, which consists of thought only, and by him alone is all this meditated on, and in him it is dissolved. His is that luminous form which shines in the sun, and the manifold light in the smokeless fire, and the heat which in the stomach digests the food. Thus it is said: 'He who is in the fire, and he who is in the heart, and he who is in the sun, they are one and the same.' He who knows this becomes one with the one. 18. This is the rule for achieving it (viz. concentration of the mind on the object of meditation): restraint of the breath, restraint of the senses, meditation, fixed attention, investigation, absorption, these are called the sixfold Yoga [*2]. When beholding by [p. 319] this Yoga, he beholds the gold-coloured maker, the lord, the person, Brahman, the cause, then the sage, leaving behind good and evil, makes everything (breath, organs of sense, body, &c.) to be one in the Highest Indestructible (in the pratyagatman or Brahman). And thus it is said: 'As birds and deer do not approach a burning mountain, so sins never approach those who know Brahman.' 19. And thus it is said elsewhere: When he who knows has, while he is still Prana (breath), restrained his mind, and placed all objects of the senses far away from himself, then let him remain without any conceptions. And because the living person, called Prana (breath), has been produced here on earth from that which is not Prana (the thinking Self), therefore let this Prana merge the Prana (himself) in what is called the fourth [*1]. And thus it is said: 'What is without thought, though placed in the centre of thought, what cannot be thought, the hidden, the highest--let a man merge his thought there: then will this living being (linga) be without attachment [*2].' 20. And thus it has been said elsewhere: There is the superior fixed attention (dharana) for him, viz. if he presses the tip of the tongue down the palate and restrains voice, mind, and breath, he sees [p. 320] Brahman by discrimination (tarka). And when, after the cessation of mind [*1], he sees his own Self, smaller than small, and shining, as the Highest Self [*2], then having seen his Self as the Self, he becomes Self-less, and because he is Self-less, he is without limit, without cause, absorbed in thought. This is the highest mystery, viz. final liberation. And thus it is said: 'Through the serenity of the thought he kills all actions, good or bad; his Self serene, abiding in the Self, obtains imperishable bliss.' 2 1. And thus it has been said elsewhere: The artery, called Sushumna, going upwards (from the heart to the Brahmarandhra), serving as the passage of the Prana, is divided within the palate. Through that artery, when it has been joined by the breath (held in subjection), by the sacred syllable Om, and by the mind (absorbed in the contemplation of Brahman), let him proceed upwards [*3], and after turning the tip of the tongue to the palate, without [*4] using any of the organs of sense, let greatness perceive greatness [*5]. From thence he goes to selflessness, and through selflessness he ceases to be an enjoyer of pleasure and pain, he obtains aloneness (kevalatva, final deliverance). And thus it is said: [p. 321] 'Having successively fixed the breath, after it had been restrained, in the palate, thence having crossed the limit (the life), let him join himself afterwards to the limitless (Brahman) in the crown of the head.' 22. And thus it has been said elsewhere: Two Brahmans have to be meditated on, the word and the non-word. By the word alone is the non-word revealed. Now there is the word Om. Moving upward by it (where all words and all what is meant by them ceases), he arrives at absorption in the non-word (Brahman). This is the way, this is the immortal, this is union, and this is bliss. And as the spider, moving upward by the thread, gains free space, thus also he who meditates, moving upward by the syllable Om, gains independence. Other teachers of the word (as Brahman) think otherwise. They listen to the sound of the ether within the heart while they stop the ears with the thumbs. They compare it to seven noises, like rivers, like a bell, like a brazen vessel, like the wheels of a carriage, like the croaking of frogs, like rain, and as if a man speaks in a cavern. Having passed beyond this variously apprehended sound, and having settled in the supreme, soundless (non-word), unmanifested Brahman, they become undistinguished and undistinguishable, as various flavours of the flowers are lost in the taste of honey. And thus it is said: 'Two Brahmans are to be known, the word-Brahman and the highest Brahman; he who is perfect in the word-Brahman attains the highest Brahman [*1].' [p. 322] 23. And thus it has been said elsewhere: The syllable Om is what is called the word. And its end is the silent, the soundless, fearless, sorrowless, joyful, satisfied, firm, unwavering, immortal, immovable, certain (Brahman), called Vishnu. Let him worship these two, that he may obtain what is higher than everything (final deliverance). For thus it is said: 'He who is the high and the highest god [*1], by name Om-kara, he is soundless and free from all distinctions: therefore let a man dwell on him in the crown of his head.' 24. And thus it has been said elsewhere: The body is the bow, the syllable Om is the arrow, its point is the mind. Having cut through the darkness, which consists of ignorance [*2], it approaches that which is not covered by darkness [*3]. Then having cut through that which was covered (the personal soul), he saw Brahman, flashing like a wheel on fire, bright like the sun, vigorous, beyond all darkness, that which shines forth in yonder sun, in the moon, in the fire, in the lightning [*4]. And having seen him, he obtains immortality. And thus it has been said: 'Meditation is directed to the highest Being (Brahman) within, and (before) to the objects (body, Om, mind); thence the indistinct understanding becomes distinct. And when the works of the mind are dissolved, [p. 323] then that bliss which requires no other witness, that is Brahman (Atman), the immortal, the brilliant, that is the way, that is the (true) world.' 25. And thus it has been said elsewhere: He who has his senses hidden as in sleep, and who, while in the cavern of his senses (his body), but no longer ruled by them, sees, as in a dream, with the purest intellect, Him who is called Pranava (Om), the leader [*1], the bright, the sleepless, free from old age, from death, and sorrow, he is himself also called Pranava, and becomes a leader, bright, sleepless, free from old age, from death, and sorrow. And thus it is said: 'Because in this manner he joins the Prana (breath), the Om, and this Universe in its manifold forms, or because they join themselves (to him), therefore this (process of meditation) is called Yoga (joining). The oneness of breath, mind, and senses, and then the surrendering of all conceptions, that is called Yoga.' 26. And thus it has also been said elsewhere: As a sportsman, after drawing out the denizens of the waters with a net, offers them (as a sacrifice) in the fire of his stomach, thus are these Pranas (vital airs), after they have been drawn out with the syllable Om, offered in the faultless fire (Brahman) [*2]. Hence he is like a heated vessel (full of clarified butter); for as the clarified butter in the heated vessel lights up, when touched with grass and sticks, thus does this being which is called Not-breath (Atman) light up, when touched by the Pranas (the [p. 324] vital airs) [*1]. And that which flares up, that is the manifest form of Brahman, that is the highest place of Vishnu [*2], that is the essence of Rudra. And this, dividing his Self in endless ways, fills all these worlds. And thus it is said: 'As the sparks from the fire, and as the rays from the sun, thus do his Pranas and the rest in proper order again and again proceed from him here on earth [*3].' 27. And thus it has also been said elsewhere: This is the heat of the highest, the immortal, the incorporeal Brahman, viz. the warmth of the body. And this body is the clarified butter (poured on it, by which the heat of Brahman, otherwise invisible, is lighted up). Then, being manifest, it is placed in the ether (of the heart). Then by concentration they thus remove that ether which is within the heart, so that its light appears, as it were [*4]. Therefore the worshipper becomes identified with that light without much delay. As a ball of iron, if placed in the earth, becomes earth without much delay, and as, when it has once become a clod of earth, fire and smiths have nothing more to do with that ball of iron, thus does thought (without delay) disappear, together with its support [*5]. And thus it is said: [p. 325] 'The shrine which consists of the ether in the heart, the blissful, the highest retreat, that is our own, that is our goal, and that is the heat and brightness of the fire and the sun.' 28. And thus it has been said elsewhere: After having left behind the body, the organs of sense, and the objects of sense (as no longer belonging to us), and having seized the bow whose stick is fortitude and whose string is asceticism, having struck down also with the arrow, which consists in freedom from egotism, the first guardian of the door of Brahman (for if man looks at the world egotistically, then, taking the diadem of passion, the earrings of greed and envy, and the staff of sloth, sleep, and sin, and having seized the bow whose string is anger, and whose stick is lust, he destroys with the arrow which consists of wishes, all beings)--having therefore killed that guardian, he crosses by means of the boat Om to the other side of the ether within the heart, and when the ether becomes revealed (as Brahman), he enters slowly, as a miner seeking minerals in a mine, into the Hall of Brahman. After that let him, by means of the doctrine of his teacher, break through the shrine of Brahman, which consists of the four nets (of food, breath, mind, knowledge, till he reaches the last shrine, that of blessedness and identity with Brahman). Thenceforth pure, [p. 326] clean, undeveloped, tranquil, breathless, bodiless, endless, imperishable, firm, everlasting, unborn and independent, he stands on his own greatness [*1], and having seen (the Self), standing in his own greatness, he looks on the wheel of the world as one (who has alighted from a chariot) looks on its revolving wheel. And thus it is said: 'If a man practises Yoga for six months and is thoroughly free (from the outer world), then the perfect Yoga (union), which is endless, high, and hidden, is accomplished. But if a man, though well enlightened (by instruction), is still pierced by (the gunas of) passion and darkness, and attached to his children, wife, and house, then perfect Yoga is never accomplished [*2].' 29. After he had thus spoken (to Brihadratha), Sakayanya, absorbed in thought, bowed before him, and said: 'O King, by means of this Brahma-knowledge have the sons of Pragapati (the Valakhilyas) gone to the road of Brahman. Through the practice of Yoga a man obtains contentment, power to endure good and evil, and tranquillity. Let no man preach this most secret doctrine to any one who is not his son or his pupil [*3], and who is not of a serene mind. To him alone who is devoted to his teacher only, and endowed with all necessary qualities, may he communicate it [*4]. [p. 327] 30. Om! Having settled down in a pure place let him, being pure himself, and firm in goodness, study the truth, speak the truth, think the truth, and offer sacrifice to the truth [*1]. Henceforth he has become another; by obtaining the reward of Brahman his fetters are cut asunder, he knows no hope, no fear from others as little as from himself, he knows no desires; and having attained imperishable, infinite happiness, he stands blessed in the true Brahman, who longs for a true man [*2]. Freedom from desires is, as it were, the highest prize to be taken from the best treasure (Brahman). For a man full of all desires, being possessed of will, imagination, and belief, is a slave; but he who is the opposite, is free. Here some say, it is the Guna [*3] (i. e. the so-called Mahat, the principle of intellect which, according to the Sankhyas, is the result of the Gunas or qualities), which, through the differences of nature (acquired in the former states of existence), goes into bondage to the will, and that deliverance takes place (for the Guna) when the fault of the will has been removed. (But this is not our view), because (call it guna, intellect, buddhi, manas, mind, ahankara, egotism, it is not the mind that acts, but) he sees by the mind (as his instrument), he hears by the mind; and all that we call [p. 328] desire, imagination, doubt, belief, unbelief, certainty, uncertainty, shame, thought, fear, all that is but mind (manas). Carried along by the waves of the qualities, darkened in his imaginations, unstable, fickle, crippled, full of desires, vacillating, he enters into belief, believing I am he, this is mine, and he binds his Self by his Self, as a bird with a net [*1]. Therefore a man, being possessed of will, imagination, and belief, is a slave, but he who is the opposite is free. For this reason let a man stand free from will, imagination, and belief--this is the sign of liberty, this is the path that leads to Brahman, this is the opening of the door, and through it he will go to the other shore of darkness. All desires are there fulfilled. And for this they quote a verse: " When the five instruments of knowledge stand still together with the mind, and when the intellect does not move, that is called the highest state [*2]."' Having thus said, Sakayanya became absorbed in thought. Then Marut (i.e. the King Brihadratha) [*3], having bowed before him and duly worshipped him, went full of contentment to the Northern Path [*4], for there is no way thither by any side-road. This is the path to Brahman. Having burst open the solar door, he rose on high and went away. And here they quote: 'There are endless rays (arteries) for the Self who, like a lamp, dwells in the heart: white and black, brown and blue, tawny and reddish [*5]. [p. 329] One of them (the Sushumna) leads upwards, piercing the solar orb: by it, having stepped beyond the world of Brahman, they go to the highest path. The other hundred rays [*1] rise upwards also, and on them the worshipper reaches the mansions belonging to the different bodies of gods. But the manifest rays of dim colour which lead downwards, by them a man travels on and on helplessly, to enjoy the fruits of his actions here.' Therefore it is said that the holy Aditya (sun) is the cause of new births (to those who do not worship him), of heaven (to those who worship him as a god), of liberty (to those who worship him as Brahman) [*2]. 31. Some one asks: 'Of what nature are those organs of sense that go forth (towards their objects)? Who sends them out here, or who holds them back?' Another answers: 'Their nature is the Self; the Self sends them out, or holds them back; also the Apsaras (enticing objects of sense), and the solar rays (and other deities presiding over the senses).' Now the Self devours the objects by the five rays (the organs of sense); then who is the Self? He who has been defined by the terms pure, clean, undeveloped, tranquil [*3], &c., who is to be apprehended independently by his own peculiar signs. That sign of him who has no signs, is like what the pervading [p. 330] heat is of fire, the purest taste of water; thus say some [*1]. It is speech, hearing, sight, mind, breath; thus say others [*2]. It is intellect, retention, remembering, knowledge; thus say others [*3]. Now all these are signs of the Self in the same sense in which here on earth shoots are the signs of seed, or smoke, light, and sparks of fire. And for this they quote [*4]: 'As the sparks from the fire, and as the rays from the sun, thus do his Pranas and the rest in proper order again and again proceed from him here on earth.' 32. From this very Self, abiding within his Self, come forth all Pranas (speech, &c.), all worlds, all Vedas, all gods, and all beings; its Upanishad (revelation) [*5] is that it is 'the true of the true.' Now as from a fire of green wood, when kindled, clouds of smoke come forth by themselves (though belonging to the fire), thus from that great Being has been breathed forth all this which is the Rig-veda, the Yagur-veda, the Sama-veda, the Atharvangirasas (Atharva-veda), the Itihasa (legendary stories), the Purana (accounts of the creation, &c.), Vidya (ceremonial doctrines), the Upanishads, the Slokas (verses interspersed in the Upanishads, &c.), the Sutras (compendious statements), the Anuvyakhyanas (explanatory notes), the Vyakhyanas (elucidations) [*6]--all these things are his. [p. 331] 33. This fire (the Garhapatya-fire) with five bricks is the year. And its five bricks are spring, summer, rainy season, autumn, winter; and by them the fire has a head, two sides, a centre, and a tail. This earth (the Garhapatya-fire) here is the first sacrificial pile for Pragapati, who knows the Purusha (the Virag). It presented the sacrificer to Vayu, (the wind) by lifting him with the hands to the sky. That Vayu is Prana (Hiranyagarbha). Prana is Agni (the Dakshinagni-fire), and its bricks are the five vital breaths, Prana, Vyana, Apana, Samana, Udana; and by them the fire has a head, two sides, a centre, and a tail. This sky (the Dakshinagni-fire) here is the second sacrificial pile for Pragapati, who knows the Purusha. It presented the sacrificer to Indra, by lifting him with the hands to heaven. That Indra is Aditya, the sun. That (Indra) is the Agni (the Ahavaniya-fire), and its bricks are the Rik, the Yagush, the Saman, the Atharvangirasas, the Itihasa, and the Purana; and by them the fire has a head, two sides, a tail, and a centre. This heaven (Ahavaniya-fire) is the third sacrificial pile for Pragapati, who knows the [p. 332] [paragraph continues] Purusha. With the hands it makes a present of the sacrificer to the Knower of the Self (Pragapati); then the Knower of the Self, lifting him up, presented him to Brahman. In him he becomes full of happiness and joy. 34. The earth is the Garhapatya-fire, the sky the Dakshina-fire, the heaven the Ahavaniya-fire; and therefore they are also the Pavamana (pure), the Pavaka (purifying), and the Suki (bright) [*1]. By this (by the three deities, Pavamana, Pavaka, and Suki) the sacrifice (of the three fires, the Garhapatya, Dakshina, and Ahavaniya) is manifested. And because the digestive fire also is a compound of the Pavamana, Pavaka, and Suki, therefore that fire is to receive oblations, is to be laid with bricks, is to be praised, and to be meditated on. The sacrificer, when he has seized the oblation, wishes [*2] to perform his meditation of the deity: 'The gold-coloured bird abides in the heart, and in the sun--a diver bird, a swan, strong in splendour; him we worship in the fire.' Having recited the verse, he discovers its meaning, viz. the adorable splendour of Savitri (sun) is to be meditated on by him who, abiding within his mind, meditates thereon. Here he attains the place of rest for the mind, he holds it within his own Self. On this there are the following verses: (1) As a fire without fuel becomes quiet in its [p. 333] place [*1], thus do the thoughts, when all activity ceases, become quiet [*2] in their place. (2) Even in a mind which loves the truth [*3] and has gone to rest in itself there arise, when it is deluded by the objects of sense, wrongs resulting from former acts [*4]. (3) For thoughts alone cause the round of births [*5]; let a man strive to purify his thoughts. What a man thinks, that he is: this is the old secret [*6]. (4) By the serenity of his thoughts a man blots out all actions, whether good or bad. Dwelling within his Self with serene thoughts, he obtains imperishable happiness. (5) If the thoughts of a man were so fixed on Brahman as they are on the things of this world, who would not then be freed from bondage? (6) The mind, it is said, is of two kinds, pure or impure; impure from the contact with lust, pure when free from lust [*7]. (7) When a man, having freed his mind from sloth, distraction, and vacillation, becomes as it were delivered from his mind [*8], that is the highest point. (8) The mind must be restrained in the heart till it comes to an end;--that is knowledge, that is liberty: all the rest are extensions of the ties [*9] (which bind us to this life). [p. 334] (9) That happiness which belongs to a mind which by deep meditation has been washed [*1] clean from all impurity and has entered within the Self, cannot be described here by words; it can be felt by the inward power only [*2]. (10) Water in water, fire in fire, ether in ether, no one can distinguish them; likewise a man whose mind has entered (till it cannot be distinguished from the Self), attains liberty. (11) Mind alone is the cause of bondage and liberty for men; if attached to the world, it becomes bound; if free from the world, that is liberty [*3]. Therefore those who do not offer the Agnihotra (as described above), who do not lay the fires (with the bricks, as described above), who are ignorant (of the mind being the cause of the round of births), who do not meditate (on the Self in the solar orb) are debarred from remembering the ethereal place of Brahman. Therefore that fire is to receive oblations, is to be laid with bricks, is to be praised, to be meditated on. 35 [*4]. Adoration to Agni, the dweller on earth, who remembers his world. Grant that world to this thy worshipper! Adoration to Vayu, the dweller in the sky, who remembers his world. Grant that world to this thy worshipper! [p. 335] Adoration to Aditya, the dweller in heaven, who remembers his world. Grant that world to this thy worshipper! Adoration to Brahman, who dwells everywhere, who remembers all. Grant all to this thy worshipper! The mouth of the true (Brahman) is covered with a golden lid; open that, O Pushan (sun), that we may go to the true one, who pervades all (Vishnu) [*1]. He who is the person in the sun, I am he [*2]. And what is meant by the true one is the essence of the sun, that which is bright, personal, sexless [*3]; a portion (only) of the light which pervades the ether; which is, as it were, in the midst of the sun, and in the eye, and in the fire. That is Brahman, that is immortal, that is splendour. That is the true one, a portion (only) of the light which pervades the ether, which is in the midst of the sun, the immortal, of which Soma (the moon) and the vital breaths also are offshoots: that is Brahman, that is immortal, that is splendour. That is the true one, a portion (only) of the light which pervades the ether, which in the midst of the sun shines as Yagus, viz. as Om, as water, light, essence, immortal, Brahman, Bhuh, Bhuvah, Svar, Om. 'The eight-footed [*4], the bright, the swan, bound [p. 336] with three threads, the infinitely small, the imperishable, blind for good and evil, kindled with light--he who sees him, sees everything.' A portion (only) of the light which pervades the ether, are the two rays rising in the midst of the sun. That is the knower [*1] (the Sun), the true one. That is the Yagus, that is the heat, that is Agni (fire), that is Vayu (wind), that is breath, that is water, that is the moon, that is bright, that is immortal, that is the place of Brahman, that is the ocean of light. In that ocean the sacrificers are dissolved [*2] like salt, and that is oneness with Brahman, for all desires are there fulfilled. And here they quote: 'Like a lamp, moved by a gentle wind, he who dwells within the gods shines forth. He who knows this, he is the knower, he knows the difference (between the high and the highest Brahman); having obtained unity, he becomes identified with it. They who rise up in endless number, like spray drops (from the sea), like lightnings from the light within the clouds in the highest heaven, they, when they have entered into the light of glory (Brahman), appear like so many flame-crests in the track of fire.' 36. There are two manifestations of the Brahma-light: one is tranquil, the other lively. Of that which is tranquil, the ether is the support; of that which is lively, food. Therefore (to the former) sacrifice must be offered on the house-altar with hymns, herbs, ghee, meat, cakes, sthalipaka, and other things; to the latter, with meat and drinks (belonging to the great sacrifices) thrown into the mouth, for the mouth [p. 337] is the Ahavaniya-fire; and this is done to increase our bodily vigour, to gain the world of purity, and for the sake of immortality. And here they quote: 'Let him who longs for heaven, offer an Agnihotra. By an Agnishtoma he wins the kingdom of Yama; by Uktha, the kingdom of Soma; by a Shodasin-sacrifice, the kingdom of Surya; by an Atiratra-sacrifice, the kingdom of Indra; by the sacrifices beginning with the twelve-night sacrifice and ending with the thousand years' sacrifice, the world of Pragapati. As a lamp burns so long as the vessel that holds the wick is filled with oil, these two, the Self and the bright Sun, remain so long as the egg (of the world) and he who dwells within it hold together.' 37. Therefore let a man perform all these ceremonies with the syllable Om (at the beginning). Its splendour is endless, and it is declared to be threefold, in the fire (of the altar), in the sun (the deity), in the breath (the sacrificer). Now this is the channel to increase the food, which makes what is offered in the fire ascend to the sun. The sap which flows from thence, rains down as with the sound of a hymn. 'By it there are vital breaths, from them there is offspring. And here they quote: 'The offering which is offered in the fire, goes to the sun; the sun rains it down by his rays; thus food comes, and from food the birth of living beings [*1].' And thus he said: 'The oblation which is properly thrown on the fire, goes toward the sun; from the sun comes rain, from rain food, from food living beings'.' [p. 338] 38. He who offers the Agnihotra breaks through the net of desire. Then, cutting through bewilderment, never approving of anger, meditating on one desire (that of liberty), he breaks through the shrine of Brahman with its four nets, and proceeds thence to the ether. For having there broken through the (four) spheres of the Sun, the Moon, the Fire, and Goodness, he then, being purified himself, beholds dwelling in goodness, immovable, immortal, indestructible, firm, bearing the name of Vishnu, the highest abode, endowed with love of truth and omniscience, the self-dependent Intelligence (Brahman), standing in its own greatness. And here they quote: 'In the midst of the sun stands the moon, in the midst of the moon the fire, in the midst of fire goodness, in the midst of goodness the Eternal.' Having meditated on him who has the breadth of a thumb within the span (of the heart) in the body, who is smaller than small, he obtains the nature of the Highest; there all desires are fulfilled. And on this they quote: 'Having the breadth of a thumb within the span (of the heart) in the body, like the flame of a lamp, burning twofold or threefold, that glorified Brahman, the great God, has entered into all the worlds. Om! Adoration to Brahman! Adoration!' Footnotes ^305:1 The commentator describes the sixth and seventh chapters as Khila, supplementary, and does not think that they are closely connected with the chief object of the Upanishad. This chief object was to show that there is only one thinking Self (kidatma) to be known, and that the same is to be meditated on as manifested in the different forms of Rudra, Brahma, Vishnu, &c. Thus the highest object of those who wish for final liberation has been explained before, as well as the proper means of obtaining that liberation. What follows are statements of the greatness of the various manifestations of the Atman, and advice how to worship them. My MS. gives the beginning of the sixth Prapathaka, but ends with the end of the eighth paragraph. The verses in paragraph 34, as mentioned before, are given in my MS. at the end of the fourth Prapathaka. My translation deviates considerably from the commentary. The text is obscure and not always correct. My rule has been throughout to begin a new sentence with evam hy aha, 'for thus it is said,' which introduces proofs of what has been said before. The passages thus quoted as proofs from the Veda are often difficult to understand, nor do they always consist of a complete sentence. My translation therefore is often purely tentative. ^305:2 M. reads dvitiya for dvidha. ^305:3 M. reads dvau va etav asya pankadha namantar bahis kahoratre tau vyavartete. ^305:4 While the sun goes round Meru in a day and a night, the breath performs 21,000 breathings, or, more exactly, 21,600. M. reads bahiratmagatya. ^305:5 M. reads adhyaksha, not akshadhyaksha. ^306:1 M. reads sa esho 'ntah pushkare hritpushkare vasrito. ^306:2 The commentator ascribes the dialogue still to the Valakhilyas and Pragapati Kratu. ^306:3 M. reads dalasamstha asur vagnih parata etaih pranadityav eta. ^306:4 See Brih. Up. II, 3, 1. ^306:5 Professor Cowell, after giving the various readings of his MSS., says, 'the true reading would seem to be yat satyam tad brahma, [p. 307] yad brahma tag gyotir, yad gyotis sa adityah.' This is exactly the reading of my own MS. ^307:1 M. reads kaivasminn ity evam hyaha. ^307:2 The mystic syllable Om. ^307:3 See Khandogyopanishad I, 5; Maitr. Up. VI, 25. ^307:4 M. reads namarupam. ^307:5 The three feet of the prana are waking, slumber, and deep sleep; the three feet of the sun, the three worlds, bhuh, bhuvah, svar, as in VII, 11. See also Khand. Up. III, 12. ^307:6 Cf. Kath. Up. VI, 1. ^307:7 Asvattha, lit. fig-tree, then frequently used metaphorically as a name of the world. Here explained as, it will not stand till to-morrow.' ^308:1 Kath. Up. II, 16. ^308:2 M. reads tanur yom iti. ^308:3 The fires on the three altars. ^308:4 Prasna Up. V, 2. ^308:5 M. reads atha vyattam. ^308:6 So far the pranava or Om has been explained; now follows the explanation of the Vyahritis; cf. VI, 2. Vyahriti is derived from vyahar, and means an utterance. ^308:7 Cf. VI, 5. ^309:1 M. reads visvataskakshur. ^309:2 Pragapati, according to the commentator, is identified with Satya, the true, because sat means the three worlds, and these (bhuh, bhuvah, svar) are said to be his body. Hence probably the insertion of Satyam before Pragapati at the beginning of the paragraph. Then he argues, as the eye has been called satya, and as the eye is Aditya, therefore Pragapati also, being Satya, is Aditya, the sun. And again, if the sun is worshipped (by the vyahritis) then, like the sun, the eye of all, Pragapati also, the self of all, is worshipped. ^309:3 Eshopasita is impossible. We must either read, with the commentator, etam upasita, or with M. eshopasiteti. ^309:4 He now proceeds to explain the worship of the Savitri verse, which had been mentioned in VI, 2, after the Om and the Vyahritis, as the third mode of worshipping Prana (breath) and Aditya (sun), these being two correlative embodiments of the Self. The Savitri is found in Rig-veda III, 6 2, 10, but it is here explained in a purely philosophical sense. See also Brih. Up. VI, 3, 6. ^310:1 M. reads tarake 'kshni. ^310:2 Surya is considered as the daily performer of the Pratahsavana, &c., the sacrifice at which Soma is squeezed out as an offering. ^310:3 M. reads pavamanat pavamanah. ^310:4 M. reads amritakhyas ketakhyas keta. ^310:5 M. reads ganta srishta. ^311:1 M. reads karyakaranakarmavinirmuktam. ^311:2 Nirupakhyam, rightly translated by Cowell by 'without a predicate,' and rendered by the commentator by apramaya, i.e. not to be measured, not to be classed, i.e. without a predicate. ^311:3 I have translated this in accordance with a well-known passage, quoted by the commentator from the Brihadaranyaka, rather than in accordance with his own interpretation. ^311:4 M. leaves out vidhata. ^311:5 Instead of the peculiar Maitrayani reading, svan sarirad, AI. reads svas kharirad. ^311:6 The oneness of the Sun and the Breath is proclaimed in the following verse of the Prasna Upanishad I, 8. ^312:1 Here ends the M. manuscript, with the following title: iti sriyagussakhayam Maitrayaniyabrahmanopanishadi shashthah prapathakah. Samapta. ^312:2 In the following paragraphs the taking of food is represented as a sacrifice offered by the Self to the Self (atmayaganarupam bhoganam, p. 106, l. 13). ^312:3 Several words have been inserted in this verse, spoiling the metre. ^312:4 See Khand. Up. V, 2. ^313:1 See before, III, 3. ^313:2 This is very doubtful, in fact, unintelligible. The commentator says, asya bhutatmanah karta pradhanah purvoktah, so 'pi bhogya ity arthah. ^313:3 Technical terms, afterwards adopted by the Sankhya philosophers. ^313:4 Professor Cowell observes that the term visesha, as here applied to the five gross elements, occurs in the Sankhya-karika, ver. 38. ^314:1 Five receptive, five active organs, and four kinds of consciousness. ^314:2 Its very development proves it to be food. Cowell. ^315:1 Khand. Up. VII, 9, 1. ^315:2 Taitt. Up. II, 2. ^316:1 As food depends on time, therefore time is praised, which again depends on the sun, which is a form of the Self. ^317:1 Thus, the commentator says, the existence of the lamp can be proved by the light of the lamp, as the existence of time is proved by what we see, the rising of the sun. All this is very obscure. ^318:1 Brahman used as neuter, but immediately followed by eko 'nantah, &c. ^318:2 After having explained the form of what is to be meditated on and the mode of meditation, the Upanishad now teaches the Yoga which serves to keep our thoughts in subjection, and to fix our thoughts on the object of meditation. See Yoga-Sutras II, 29. ^319:1 The fourth stage is meant for the thinking Self, the earlier stages being waking, slumbering, and sleep. ^319:2 Professor Cowell offers two renderings of this difficult passage: 'This which is called prana, i.e. the individual soul as characterised by the subtil body, will thus no longer appear in its separate individuality from the absence of any conscious subject; or, this subtil body bearing the name of intellect will thus become void of all objects.' ^320:1 The commentator remarks that this process is called Lambikayoga, and the state produced by it Unmani or Unmanibhava; see amanibhava, in VI, 34, ver. 7. ^320:2 I should have preferred to translate atmanam atmana pasyati by 'he sees his Self by his Self,' but the commentator takes a slightly different view, and says itthambhave tritiya; paramatmarupena pasyati. ^320:3 Cf. Katha Up. V I, 16 Prasna Up. III, 6 (p. 277). ^320:4 If we read samyogya we must follow the commentator in translating by 'uniting the senses with the prana and the manas.' ^320:5 Let the Self perceive the Self. ^321:1 Cf. Mahabharata XII, 8540; Sarvadarsana-sangraha, p. 147; Cowell's Translation, p. 271. ^322:1 The commentator takes deva as devah, though the accent is against it; see Schroeder, Uber die Maitrayani Samhita, p. 9, l. 11. ^322:2 Should it not be, 'darkness is the mark?' ^322:3 Atamavishta, explained as an irregular compound, atama-avishtam, tama-avesanarahitam. ^322:4 Cf. Bhagavadgita XV, 12. ^323:1 Cf. VI, 4. ^323:2 Cf. Svetasvatara-upanishad III, 10. ^324:1 As the fire which exists invisibly in a heated vessel becomes visible when the heated vessel is touched with sticks dipped in butter, thus the Atman in the body appears only when the Pranas are diffused in it. Or, as the clarified butter, heated together with the vessel, lights up grass that comes in contact with it, so does this Atman (called Not-breath), by heating its two bodies which are pervaded by the reflections of the thinker, light up everything brought in contact with it, viz. the world. ^324:2 See Katha Up. III, 9. ^324:3 See VI, 31; Brih. Up. II, 1, 10. ^324:4 The light was always there, but it seems then only to appear. ^324:5 The commentator explains this differently. He says that the [p. 325] similes are intended to show how, as soon as the impediment is removed, the worshipper obtains his true form, i.e. becomes Brahman. Afterwards he explains kittam, thought, by the individual thinker, and declares that he vanishes together with the thought, which forms the asraya, the place, or the upadhi, the outward form. Or again, he says that the kitta, the mind, vanishes with its outward sign, viz. the thoughts and imaginations. ^326:1 See Maitr. Up. II, 4; VI, 31. ^326:2 This would seem to have been the end of the dialogue between Pragapati and the Valakhilyas, which, as related by Sakayanya to King Brihadratha, began in II, 3. See, however, VII, 8. ^326:3 Svet. Up. VI, 22 (p. 267); Brih. Up. VI. 3, 12. ^326:4 Here may have been the end of a chapter, but the story of Sakayanya and Brihadratha is continued to VI, 30. ^327:1 The truth or the true are explained by, (1) the book which teaches the Highest Self; (2) by Brahman, who is to be spoken about; (3) by Brahman, who is to be meditated on; (4) by Brahman, who is to be worshipped in thought. ^327:2 I have translated this according to the commentary, but I should prefer to read satyabhilashini. ^327:3 The passages within brackets had to be added from the commentary in order to make the text intelligible, at least according to Ramatirtha's views. ^328:1 See III, 2. ^328:2 See the same verse in Katha Up. VI, 10. ^328:3 See before, II, 1. ^328:4 See Prasna Up. I, 10,' But those who have sought the Self by penance, abstinence, faith, and knowledge, gain by the Northern Path Aditya, the sun.' ^328:5 See Khand. Up. VIII, 6. ^329:1 A similar verse, but with characteristic variations, occurs in the Khand. Up. VIII, 6, 6, and in the Katha Up. VI, 16. ^329:2 Here ends the story of Sakayanya, which began I, 2, and was carried on through chap. VI, though that chapter and the seventh are called Khilas, or supplements, and though the MS. M. also ends, as we saw, with the eighth paragraph of the sixth chapter. ^329:3 See before, II, 4; VI, 13 ^330:1 See Svet. Up. VI, 13. ^330:2 See Ken. Up. 2. ^330:3 See Ait. Up. III, 2. Here we find dhriti (holding), smriti (remembering), pragnanam (knowledge), but not buddhi. Pragnanam seems the right reading, and is supported by M. ^330:4 See before, VI, 26. ^330:5 Revelation is here the rendering of Upanishad, upanigamayitritvat sakshadrahasyam, and the true (sattya) is explained first by the five elements, and then by that which is their real essence. ^330:6 See Khand. Up. VI, 1. The explanations given of these literary [p. 331] titles are on the whole the same as those we had before in similar passages. What is peculiar to Ramatirtha is that he explains Upanishad by such passages as we had just now, viz. its Upanishad is that it is the true of the true. The Slokas are, explained as verses like those in VI, 19, akittam kittamadhyastham. The Sutras are explained as comprehensive sentences, such as II, 2, ayam vava khalv atma te. Anuvyakhyanas are taken as explanations following on the Sutra in II, 2, beginning with atha ya eshokkhvasavishtambhanena. The Vyakhyanas are taken as fuller statements of the meaning contained in the Sutra, such as the dialogue between the Valakhilyas and Kratu. ^332:1 Epithets of Agni, the sacrificial-fire, pavamana applying to the Garhapatya-fire, pavaka to the Dakshina-fire, and suki to the Ahavaniya-fire. The construction of the sentence, however, is imperfect. ^332:2 This means, he ought to perform it. ^333:1 Dies in the fireplace. ^333:2 M. reads upasamyati twice. ^333:3 M. reads satyakaminah. ^333:4 The commentator inserts a negative. ^333:5 M. reads samsarah. ^333:6 This is very like the teaching of the Dhammapada, I, 1. ^333:7 Cf. Ind. Stud. II, 60. Brahmavindu Up. v. 1, where we read kamasankalpam, as in MS. M. ^333:8 See note to VI, 20. ^333:9 M. reads mokshaska and seshas tu. The commentator says that [p. 334] this line is easy, but it is so by no means. Professor Cowell translates granthavistarah by book-prolixity, but this sounds very strange in an Upanishad. I am not satisfied with my own translation, but it may stand till a better one is found. M. reads grindhavistarah. The granthis are mentioned in Khand. Up. VII, 26; Kath. Up. VI, 15. ^334:1 M. reads nirdhuta. ^334:2 M. reads karaneti. ^334:3 M. reads vishayasaktam muktyai. ^334:4 Next follow invocations to be addressed to the deities. ^335:1 The verse occurs in a more original form in Tal. Up. 15. ^335:2 The commentator adds iti after aham. ^335:3 Khand. Up. I, 6, 6; Svet. Up. V, 10. ^335:4 'The eight feet are explained as the eight regions, or aroga and the rest. The swan is the sun. The three threads are the three Vedas; see Kul. Up. I, 1; Ind. Stud. IX, 11--ashtapadam sukir hamsam trisutram manim avyayam, dvivartamanam taigasaiddham [p. 336] sarvah pasyan na pasyati. Here the eight feet are explained as the five elements, manas, buddhi, and ahankara. ^336:1 Savit for savitri. ^336:2 Vliyante for viliyante. ^337:1 See Manu III, 76. The Upanishads, Part 2 (SBE15), by Max Muller, [1879], at sacred-texts.com SEVENTH PRAPATHAKA. 1. Agni, the Gayatra (metre), the Trivrit (hymn), the Rathantara (song), the spring, the upward breath (prana), the Nakshatras, the Vasus (deities)--these rise in the East; they warm, they rain, they praise [*1] [p. 339] [paragraph continues] (the sun), they enter again into him (the sun), they look out from him (the sun). He (the sun) is inconceivable, without form, deep, covered, blameless, solid, unfathomable, without qualities, pure, brilliant, enjoying the play of the three qualities, awful, not caused, a master-magician [*1], the omniscient, the mighty, immeasurable, without beginning or end, blissful, unborn, wise, indescribable, the creator of all things, the self of all things, the enjoyer of all things, the ruler of all things, the centre of the centre of all things. 2. Indra, the Trishtubh (metre), the Pankadasa (hymn), the Brihat (song), the summer, the through-going breath (Vyana), Soma, the Rudras--these rise in the South; they warm, they rain, they praise, they enter again into him, they look out from him. He (the sun) is without end or beginning, unmeasured, unlimited, not to be moved by another, self-dependent, without sign, without form, of endless power, the creator, the maker of light. 3. The Maruts, the Gagati (metre), the Saptadasa (hymn), the Vairupa (song), the rainy season, the downward breath (apana), Sukra, the Adityas--these rise in the West; they warm, they rain, they praise, they enter again into him, they look out from him. That is the tranquil, the soundless, fearless, sorrowless, joyful, satisfied, firm, immovable, immortal, eternal, true, the highest abode, bearing the name of Vishnu. 4. The Visve Devas, the Anushtubh (metre), the Ekavimsa (hymn), the Vairaga (song), the autumn, the equal breath (samana), Varuna, the Sadhyas--these rise in the North; they warm, they rain, they [p. 340] praise, they enter again into him, they look out from him. He is pure within, purifying, undeveloped, tranquil, breathless, selfless, endless. 5. Mitra-Varunau, the Pankti (metre), the Trinavatrayastrimsa (hymns), the Sakvara-raivata (songs), the snowy and dewy seasons, the out-going breath (udana), the Angiras, the Moon--these rise above; they warm, they rain, they praise, they enter again into him, they look out from him--who is called Pranava (Om), the leader, consisting of light, without sleep, old age, death, and sorrow. 6. Sani (Saturn), Rahu and Ketu (the ascending and descending nodes), the serpents, Rakshas, Yakshas, men, birds, sarabhas, elephants, &c.--these rise below; they warm, they rain, they praise, they enter again into him, they look out from him--he who is wise, who keeps things in their right place, the centre of all, the imperishable, the pure, the purifier, the bright, the patient, the tranquil. 7. And he is indeed the Self, smaller (than small) within the heart, kindled like fire, endowed with all forms. Of him is all this food, within him all creatures are woven. That Self is free from sin [*1], free from old age, from death and grief, from hunger and thirst, imagining nothing but what it ought to imagine, and desiring nothing but what it ought to desire. He is the highest lord, he is the supreme master of all beings, the guardian of all beings, a boundary keeping all things apart in their right places [*2]. He the Self, the lord, is indeed Sambhu, Bhava, Rudra, Pragapati, the creator of all, Hiranyagarbha, [p. 341] the true, breath, the swan, the ruler, the eternal, Vishnu, Narayana. And he who abides in the fire, and he who abides in the heart, and he who abides in the sun, they are one and the same. To thee who art this, endowed with all forms, settled in the true ether, be adoration! 8. Now follow the impediments in the way of knowledge, O King [*1]! This is indeed the origin of the net of bewilderment, that one who is worthy of heaven lives with those who are not worthy of heaven. That is it. Though they have been told that there is a grove before them, they cling to a small shrub. And others also who are always merry, always abroad, always begging, always making a living by handiwork; and others who are begging in towns, performing sacrifices for those who are not allowed to offer sacrifices, who make themselves the pupils of Sudras, and Sudras who know the sacred books; and others who are malignant, who use bad language, dancers, prize-fighters, travelling mendicants, actors, those who have been degraded in the king's service; and others who for money pretend that they can lay (the evil influences) of Yakshas, Rakshasas, ghosts, goblins, devils, serpents, imps, &c.; and others who falsely wear red dresses [*2], earrings, and skulls; and others who wish to entice by the jugglery of false arguments, mere comparisons and paralogisms, the believers in the Veda--with all these he should not [p. 342] live together. They are clearly thieves, and unworthy of heaven. And thus it is said: 'The world unsettled by the paralogisms of the denial of Self, by false comparisons and arguments, does not know what is the difference between Veda and philosophy [*1].' 9. Brihaspati, having become Sukra, brought forth that false knowledge for the safety of Indra and for the destruction of the Asuras. By it they show that good is evil, and that evil is good. They say that we ought to ponder on the (new) law, which upsets the Veda and the other sacred books [*2]. Therefore let no one ponder on that false knowledge: it is wrong, it is, as it were, barren. Its reward lasts only as long as the pleasure lasts, as with one who has fallen from his caste. Let that false science not be attempted, for thus it is said: (i) Widely opposed and divergent are these two, the one known as false knowledge, the other as knowledge. I (Yama) believe Nakiketas to be possessed by a desire of knowledge; even many pleasures do not move thee [*3]. (2) He who knows at the same time both the imperfect (sacrifice, &c.) and the perfect knowledge (of the Self), he crosses death by means of the imperfect, and obtains immortality by means of the perfect knowledge [*4]. (3) Those who are wrapped up [*5] in the midst of [p. 343] imperfect knowledge, fancying themselves alone wise and learned, they wander about floundering and deceived, like the blind led by the blind [*1]. 10. The gods and the demons, wishing to know the Self, went into the presence of Brahman (their father, Pragapati) [*2]. Having bowed before him, they said: 'O blessed one, we wish to know the Self, do thou tell us.' Then, after having pondered a long while, he thought, these demons are not yet self-subdued [*3]; therefore a very different Self was told to them (from what was told to the gods). On that Self these deluded demons take their stand, clinging to it, destroying the true means of salvation (the Veda), preaching untruth. What is untrue they see as true, as in jugglery. Therefore, what is taught in the Vedas, that is true. What is said in the Vedas, on that the wise keep their stand. Therefore let a Brahman not read what is not of the Veda, or this will be the result. 11. This is indeed the nature of it (the Veda), the supreme light of the ether which is within the heart. This is taught as threefold, in the fire, in the sun, in the breath. This is indeed the nature of it, the syllable Om, of the ether which is within the heart. By it (by the Om) that (light) starts, rises, breathes forth, becomes for ever the means of the worship and knowledge of Brahman. That (light, in the shape of [p. 344] [paragraph continues] Om), when there is breathing, takes the place of the internal heat, free from all brightness [*1]. This is like the action of smoke; for when there is a breath of air, the smoke, first rising to the sky in one column, follows afterwards every bough, envelopes it and takes its shape [*2]. It is like throwing salt (into water), like heating ghee [*3]. The Veda comes and goes like the dissolving view of a master-magician [*4]. And here they quote: 'Why then is it called "like lightning?" Because as soon as it comes forth (as Om) it lights up the whole body. Therefore let a man worship that boundless light by the syllable Om.' (1) The man in the eye who abides in the right eye, he is Indra, and his wife abides in the left eye [*5]. (2) The union of these two takes place in the cavity within the heart, and the ball of blood which is there, that is indeed the vigour and life of these two. (3) There is a channel going from the heart so far, and fixed in that eye; that is the artery for both of them, being one, divided into two. [p. 345] (4) The mind excites the fire of the body, that fire stirs the breath, and the breath, moving in the chest, produces the low sound. (5) Brought forth by the touch of the fire, as with a churning-stick, it is at first a minim, from the minim it becomes in the throat a double minim; on the tip of the tongue know that it is a treble minim, and, when uttered, they call it the alphabet (stoixeia) [*1]. (6) He who sees this, does not see death, nor disease, nor misery, for seeing he sees all (objectively, not as affecting him subjectively); he becomes all everywhere (he becomes Brahman). (7) There is the person in the eye, there is he who walks as in sleep, he who is sound asleep, and he who is above the sleeper: these are the four conditions (of the Self), and the fourth is greater than all [*2]. (8) Brahman with one foot moves in the three, and Brahman with three feet is in the last. [p. 346] It is that both the true (in the fourth condition) and the untrue (in the three conditions) may have their desert, that the Great Self (seems to) become two, yes, that he (seems to) become two [*1]. Footnotes ^338:1 Other MSS. read sruvanti, which seems better. ^339:1 See VII, 11, abhidhyatur vistritir iva. ^340:1 See Khand. Up. VIII, 7, 1. ^340:2 See Khand. Up. VIII, 4, 1, where we find setur vidhritir esham lokanam. ^341:1 This king is not meant for Brihadratha. ^341:2 This refers to people who claim the privileges and licence of Sannyasins without having passed through the discipline of the preceding asramas, As this was one of the chief complaints made against the followers of Sakyamuni, it might refer to Buddhists, but it ought to be borne in mind that there were Buddhists before Buddha. ^342:1 If we translate thus, the use of vidya for vritha vidya is unusual; if we follow the commentary, we should have to translate, he does not know the Veda and the other knowledge. ^342:2 All this may refer to Buddhists, but not by necessity, for there were heretics, such as Brihaspati, long before Sakyamuni. ^342:3 See Kath. Up. II, 4. ^342:4 See Vag. Up. 11. ^342:5 Veshtyamanah, instead of vartamanah. ^343:1 See Kath. Up. II, 5. ^343:2 Cf. Khand. Up. VIII, 8. ^343:3 I prefer ayatatmanah, though it is the easier (sugama) reading, as compared with anyatatmanah, those who seek for the Self elsewhere, namely, in the body. It seems to me to refer to those who, without having subdued the passions of their body, wish to obtain the knowledge of the Highest Self. Possibly, however, the author may have intended a climax from anyatatmanah to anyatamam. ^344:1 This seems to be the meaning adopted by the commentator; but may it not be, sending forth brightness? ^344:2 The simile is not very clear. The light of Brahman is below the sphere of fire in the body. That sphere of fire becoming heated, the light of Brahman becomes manifest. When the fire has been fanned by the wind of sonant breath, then the light of Brahman, embodying itself in the wind and the fire, manifests itself first in the mere sound of Om, but afterwards, checked by throat, palate, &c., it assumes the form of articulate letters, and ends by becoming the Veda in its many branches. ^344:3 As these are outwardly changed, without losing their nature, thus the light of Brahman, though assuming the different forms of the Veda, remains itself. ^344:4 See before, VII, 1. ^344:5 See Brih. Up. IV, 2, 2, 3, where Indra is explained as Indha. ^345:1 A comparison of this verse with Khand. Up. VII, 26, shows the great freedom with which the wording of these ancient verses was treated. Instead of-- Na pasyan mrityum pasyati na rogam nota duhkhatam, Sarvam hi pasyan pasyati sarvam apnoti sarvasah, the Khandogya Up. reads: Na pasyo mrityum pasyati na rogam nota duhkhatam, Sarvam ha pasyah pasyati sarvam apnoti sarvasah. ^345:2 The conditions here described are sometimes called the Visva (Vaisvanara), Taigasa, Pragna, and Turiya. In the first state the Self is awake, and enjoys the world; in the second he sees everything as in a dream; in the third the two former states cease, and he is absorbed in sleep; in the fourth he becomes again the pure Self. In the first state the Self has the disguise of a coarse material body; in the second of a subtle material body; in the third its disguise is potential only; in the fourth it has no disguise, either potential or realised. ^346:1 'By reason of the experience of the false and the true, the great Soul appears possessed of duality.' Cowell.